Carbone Donatella, Faggio Caterina
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31 98166, S.Agata, Messina, Italy.
Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31 98166, S.Agata, Messina, Italy.
Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2016 Jul;54:172-8. doi: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.04.011. Epub 2016 Apr 10.
Infectious diseases in fish represent a major problem for the aquaculture field as they produce extensive damages and loss. Over the last few years, with increased development of the aquaculture industry, different methods have been used to contrast these pathologies. Common interest has led to the use of components (as additives in diets) that could contrast diseases without causing any negative impact on the environment. These components are represented by prebiotics, probiotics, and plant extracts. In this review, the effects of prebiotics are described. Prebiotics are indigestible fibres fermented by gut enzymes and commensal bacteria, whose beneficial effects are due to the by-products generated from fermentation. The influence of pre-biotics on the immune system of fish is called immunosaccharides. Mannanoligosaccharides (MOS), Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and Inulin act at different levels in the innate immune response. For example, through phagocytosis, lysozyme activity, and the complement system activity, an increase in fish growth and an amelioration of their health status is brought about. In this review, the use of prebiotics in aquaculture, such as immunostimulants, has been highlighted: particularly in two teleost fish species, Sparus aurata and Dicentrarchus labrax. The results demonstrate that the road is still long and further studies are required, but the use of prebiotics, individually or coupled together, can open the doors to pioneering a new model of alternative components to antimicrobial agents.
鱼类传染病是水产养殖领域的一个主要问题，因为它们会造成广泛的损害和损失。在过去几年中，随着水产养殖业的不断发展，人们采用了不同的方法来对抗这些疾病。共同的兴趣促使人们使用一些成分（作为饲料添加剂），这些成分可以对抗疾病，同时又不会对环境造成任何负面影响。这些成分包括益生元、益生菌和植物提取物。在这篇综述中，描述了益生元的作用。益生元是由肠道酶和共生细菌发酵的不可消化纤维，其有益作用归因于发酵产生的副产物。益生元对鱼类免疫系统的影响被称为免疫糖类。甘露寡糖（MOS）、低聚果糖（FOS）和菊粉在先天免疫反应的不同水平上发挥作用。例如，通过吞噬作用、溶菌酶活性和补体系统活性，可促进鱼类生长并改善其健康状况。在这篇综述中，强调了益生元在水产养殖中作为免疫刺激剂的应用：特别是在两种硬骨鱼类，金头鲷和欧洲鲈鱼中。结果表明这条路仍然很长，还需要进一步研究，但单独或联合使用益生元可以为开创一种替代抗菌剂的新型成分模式打开大门。
