Casida John E
Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States.
J Agric Food Chem. 2017 Jun 14;65(23):4553-4561. doi: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01813. Epub 2017 Jun 1.
Interactions between pesticides at common molecular targets and detoxification systems often determine their effectiveness and safety. Compounds with the same mode of action or target are candidates for cross resistance and restrictions in their recommended uses. Discovery research is therefore focused on new mechanisms and modes of action. Interactions in detoxification systems also provide cross resistance and synergist and safener mechanisms illustrated with serine hydrolases and inhibitors, cytochrome P450 and insecticide synergists, and glutathione S-transferases and herbicide safeners. Secondary targets are also considered for inhibitors of serine hydrolases, aldehyde dehydrogenases, and transporters. Emphasis is given to the mechanistic aspects of interactions, not the incidence, which depends on potency, exposure, ratios, and timing. The benefits of pesticide interactions are the additional levels of chemical control to achieve desired organismal effects. The risks are the unpredictable interactions of complex interconnected biological systems. However, with care, two can be better than one.
农药在常见分子靶点与解毒系统之间的相互作用往往决定了它们的有效性和安全性。具有相同作用方式或靶点的化合物是产生交互抗性以及其推荐使用受到限制的候选对象。因此，探索性研究聚焦于新的作用机制和作用方式。解毒系统中的相互作用还产生了交互抗性、增效作用以及安全剂作用机制，这些机制可通过丝氨酸水解酶及其抑制剂、细胞色素P450和杀虫剂增效剂、以及谷胱甘肽S-转移酶和除草剂安全剂来说明。丝氨酸水解酶、醛脱氢酶和转运蛋白的抑制剂也将次要靶点纳入了考虑范围。重点在于相互作用的机制方面，而非发生率，发生率取决于效力、暴露情况、比例和时间。农药相互作用的好处在于可实现额外的化学防治水平，以达到预期的生物体效应。风险则在于复杂的相互关联生物系统中不可预测的相互作用。然而，谨慎使用的话，两者结合可能会比单一使用更好。
