University of Houston, Department of Psychology, Houston, TX, USA.
RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
Addiction. 2017 Oct;112(10):1765-1772. doi: 10.1111/add.13879. Epub 2017 Jun 29.
Perceptions of both descriptive norms (prevalence of drinking) and injunctive norms (others' approval of drinking) relate to alcohol consumption, but mechanisms for these associations have received little attention, especially in military samples. This study tested the direct and indirect associations between perceived descriptive and injunctive norms on drinking through personal attitudes (i.e. personal approval) in a veteran sample.
Data were collected as part of a longitudinal randomized controlled alcohol intervention study. The study involved two time-points: baseline/intervention (time 1) and 1-month follow-up (time 2).
A national sample of veterans was recruited from Facebook to participate in an online study between June and October 2015.
Data included responses of 621 adult military veterans (age 18-34; 83% male).
Respondents reported on their weekly alcohol consumption (primary outcome), perceptions of typical drinking and approval by other same-gender veterans. Covariates included gender, intervention condition and combat experience.
Regression results found no significant effects of perceived descriptive or injunctive norms on time 2 drinking when accounting for the effects of personal attitudes, time 1 drinking and covariates. However, mediation analyses found support for personal attitudes as a mediator of the relationship between perceived descriptive norms and time 2 drinking [indirect effect = 0.003, standard deviation (SD) = 0.001, P = 0.001] and between perceived injunctive norms and time 2 drinking (indirect effect = 0.004, SE = 0.001, P < 0.001).
Attitudes to drinking appear to mediate the association between descriptive and injunctions norms about alcohol and subsequent level of alcohol consumption in US military personnel.
描述性规范（饮酒流行率）和禁令性规范（他人对饮酒的认可）的感知与饮酒有关，但这些关联的机制却很少受到关注，尤其是在军事样本中。本研究在退伍军人样本中测试了感知描述性规范和禁令性规范对饮酒的直接和间接关联，通过个人态度（即个人认可）。
数据是作为一项纵向随机对照酒精干预研究的一部分收集的。该研究包括两个时间点：基线/干预（时间 1）和 1 个月随访（时间 2）。
从 Facebook 招募全国退伍军人样本参加 2015 年 6 月至 10 月期间的在线研究。
数据包括 621 名成年军事退伍军人（年龄 18-34 岁；83%为男性）的回复。
受访者报告了他们每周的饮酒量（主要结果）、对典型饮酒量的看法以及其他同性别退伍军人的认可。协变量包括性别、干预条件和战斗经历。
回归结果发现，在考虑到个人态度、时间 1 饮酒量和协变量的影响后，感知描述性规范或禁令性规范对时间 2 饮酒量没有显著影响。然而，中介分析结果支持个人态度作为感知描述性规范与时间 2 饮酒量之间关系的中介（间接效应=0.003，标准偏差（SD）=0.001，P=0.001）和感知禁令性规范与时间 2 饮酒量之间的关系（间接效应=0.004，SE=0.001，P<0.001）。
在美国军人中，饮酒态度似乎中介了描述性规范和禁令性规范与随后饮酒量之间的关联。
