AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Av., 30-059, Kraków, Poland.
Environ Geochem Health. 2017 Dec;39(6):1457-1468. doi: 10.1007/s10653-017-9983-9. Epub 2017 May 27.
Due to considerable progress in exhaust control emission technology and extensive regulatory work regarding this issue, non-exhaust sources of air pollution have become a growing concern. This research involved studying three types of road environment samples such as road dust, sludge from storm drains and roadside soil collected from heavily congested and polluted cities in Poland (Krakow, Warszawa, Opole and Wroclaw). Particles below 20 µm were examined since it was previously estimated that this fine fraction of road dust is polluted mostly by metals derived from non-exhaust sources of pollution such as brake linings wear. Chemical analysis of all samples was combined with a fractionation study using BCR protocol. It was concluded that the finest fractions of road environment samples were significantly contaminated with all of the investigated metals, in particular with Zn, Cu, both well-known key tracers of brake and tire wear. In Warszawa, the pollution index for Zn was on average 15-18 times the background value, in Krakow 12 times, in Wroclaw 8-12 times and in Opole 6-9 times the background value. The pollution index for Cu was on average 6-14 times the background in Warszawa, 7-8 times in Krakow, 4-6 times in Wroclaw and in Opole 5 times the background value. Fractionation study revealed that mobility of examined metals decreases in that order: Zn (43-62%) > Cd (25-42%) > Ni (6-16%) > Cu (3-14%) > Pb (1-8%). It should, however, be noted that metals even when not mobile in the environment can become a serious health concern when ingested or inhaled.
由于废气控制排放技术的显著进步和对这一问题的广泛监管，非废气排放源的空气污染已成为一个日益严重的问题。本研究涉及研究三种类型的道路环境样本，如道路灰尘、雨水渠中的淤泥和从波兰交通拥堵和污染严重的城市（克拉科夫、华沙、奥波莱和弗罗茨瓦夫）收集的路边土壤。研究考察了粒径小于 20 µm 的颗粒，因为此前估计，道路灰尘的这种细颗粒主要受到来自非废气排放源的污染，如制动衬片磨损产生的金属污染。对所有样本进行了化学分析，并结合 BCR 方案进行了分级研究。研究结果表明，道路环境样本的最细颗粒受到所有研究金属的显著污染，尤其是 Zn 和 Cu，它们都是制动和轮胎磨损的众所周知的关键示踪剂。在华沙，Zn 的污染指数平均是背景值的 15-18 倍，在克拉科夫是 12 倍，在弗罗茨瓦夫是 8-12 倍，在奥波莱是 6-9 倍。Cu 的污染指数平均是华沙背景值的 6-14 倍，在克拉科夫是 7-8 倍，在弗罗茨瓦夫是 4-6 倍，在奥波莱是 5 倍。分级研究表明，所研究金属的迁移率按以下顺序降低：Zn（43-62%）>Cd（25-42%）>Ni（6-16%）>Cu（3-14%）>Pb（1-8%）。然而，应该注意的是，即使金属在环境中不具有移动性，当被摄入或吸入时，它们也可能成为严重的健康隐患。
