Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Ks. Janusza 64, 01-452, Warsaw, Poland.
Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 30, 00-927, Warsaw, Poland.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2020 Jul;27(19):24129-24144. doi: 10.1007/s11356-020-08608-4. Epub 2020 Apr 17.
The present study evaluated the level of heavy metal (HM) pollution in Vistula river sediments in a highly urbanized Warsaw agglomeration (Poland). Magnetometry was used to assess the pollution level by measuring the fine fractions (0.071 mm and < 0.071 mm) of sediments collected from the surface layer of the riverbank. The magnetic methods (e.g., mass magnetic susceptibility χ, temperature-dependence magnetic susceptibility, and hysteresis loop parameters) were supplemented by microscopy observations and chemical element analyses. The results showed the local impact of Warsaw's activity on the level of HM pollution, indicated by the maximum concentrations of magnetic particles and HM in the city center. The sediment fraction < 0.071 mm was dominated by magnetite and by a large amount of spherical-shaped anthropogenic magnetic particles. The pollution from the center of Warsaw was transported down-river over a relatively short distance of approximately 11 km. There was a gradual decrease in the concentrations of magnetic particles and HM in areas located to the north of the city center (down-river); furthermore, χ and concentrations of HM did not decrease to the values observed for the area to the south of Warsaw (up-river). The study showed two possible sources of sediment pollution: traffic-related and heat and power plant emissions. The influence of an additional source of pollution cannot be excluded as the amount of spherules in the sediments at the center was extremely high. The present study demonstrates that magnetometry has a practical application in detecting and mapping HM pollution in river systems.
本研究评估了高度城市化的华沙城市群（波兰）维斯瓦河沉积物中的重金属（HM）污染水平。通过测量从河岸表层采集的沉积物的细颗粒（0.071mm 和 <0.071mm），使用磁力计来评估污染水平。磁法（例如质量磁化率 χ、温度依赖性磁化率和磁滞回线参数）辅以显微镜观察和化学元素分析。结果表明，华沙活动对 HM 污染水平的局部影响，市中心的磁性颗粒和 HM 的最大浓度表明了这一点。<0.071mm 的沉积物部分主要由磁铁矿和大量球形人为磁性颗粒组成。来自华沙市中心的污染在大约 11 公里的短距离内向下游输送。位于市中心以北的地区（下游）的磁性颗粒和 HM 浓度逐渐降低；此外，χ 和 HM 的浓度并没有降低到华沙以南地区（上游）观察到的值。该研究表明，沉积物污染有两个可能的来源：与交通相关的污染和热电厂排放的污染。不能排除额外污染源的影响，因为在沉积物中心的球形颗粒数量极高。本研究表明，磁力计在检测和绘制河流系统中的 HM 污染方面具有实际应用价值。
