Crill Wayne D, Huey Raymond B, Gilchrist George W
Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, Washington, 98195-1800.
Evolution. 1996 Jun;50(3):1205-1218. doi: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1996.tb02361.x.
We investigated the effects of developmental and parental temperatures on several physiological and morphological traits of adult Drosophila melanogaster. Flies for the parental generation were raised at either low or moderate temperature (18°C or 25°C) and then mated in the four possible sex-by-parental temperature crosses. Their offspring were raised at either 18°C or 25°C and then scored as adults for morphological (dry body mass, wing size, and abdominal melanization [females only]), physiological (knock-down temperature, and thermal dependence of walking speed), and life history (egg size) traits. The experiment was replicated, and the factorial design allows us to determine whether and how paternal, maternal, and developmental temperatures (as well as offspring sex) influence the various traits. Sex and developmental temperature had major effects on all traits. Females had larger bodies and wings, higher knock-down temperatures, and slower speeds (but similar shaped performance curves) than males. Development at 25°C (versus at 18°C) increased knock-down temperature, increased maximal speed and thermal performance breadth, decreased the optimal temperature for walking, decreased body mass and wing size, reduced abdominal melanization, and reduced egg size. Parental temperatures influenced a few traits, but the effects were generally small relative to those of sex or developmental temperature. Flies whose mother had been raised at 25°C (versus at 18°C) had slightly higher knock-down temperature and smaller body mass. Flies whose father had been raised at 25°C had relatively longer wings. The effects of paternal, maternal, and developmental temperatures sometimes differed in direction. The existence of significant within- and between-generation effects suggests that comparative studies need to standardize thermal environments for at least two generations, that attempts to estimate "field" heritabilities may be unreliable for some traits, and that predictions of short-term evolutionary responses to selection will be difficult.
我们研究了发育温度和亲代温度对成年黑腹果蝇若干生理和形态特征的影响。亲代果蝇在低温或中温（18°C或25°C）下饲养，然后在四种可能的性别与亲代温度交叉组合中进行交配。它们的后代在18°C或25°C下饲养，成年后对其形态特征（干体重、翅大小和腹部黑化[仅针对雌性]）、生理特征（击倒温度和行走速度的热依赖性）和生活史特征（卵大小）进行评分。该实验进行了重复，析因设计使我们能够确定父本、母本和发育温度（以及后代性别）是否以及如何影响各种特征。性别和发育温度对所有特征都有主要影响。雌性比雄性体型更大、翅膀更大、击倒温度更高、速度更慢（但性能曲线形状相似）。在25°C（相对于18°C）下发育会提高击倒温度、增加最大速度和热性能广度、降低行走的最适温度、降低体重和翅大小、减少腹部黑化并减小卵大小。亲代温度影响了一些特征，但相对于性别或发育温度的影响，这些影响通常较小。母亲在25°C（相对于18°C）下饲养的果蝇击倒温度略高且体重较小。父亲在25°C下饲养的果蝇翅膀相对较长。父本、母本和发育温度的影响有时在方向上有所不同。代内和代间显著影响的存在表明，比较研究需要使至少两代的热环境标准化，对于某些特征，估计“野外”遗传力的尝试可能不可靠，并且对选择的短期进化反应的预测将很困难。
