Spoelstra Kamiel, van Grunsven Roy H A, Ramakers Jip J C, Ferguson Kim B, Raap Thomas, Donners Maurice, Veenendaal Elmar M, Visser Marcel E
Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), PO Box 50, 6700 AB Wageningen, The Netherlands
Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
Proc Biol Sci. 2017 May 31;284(1855). doi: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0075.
Artificial light at night has shown a remarkable increase over the past decades. Effects are reported for many species groups, and include changes in presence, behaviour, physiology and life-history traits. Among these, bats are strongly affected, and how bat species react to light is likely to vary with light colour. Different spectra may therefore be applied to reduce negative impacts. We used a unique set-up of eight field sites to study the response of bats to three different experimental light spectra in an otherwise dark and undisturbed natural habitat. We measured activity of three bat species groups around transects with light posts emitting white, green and red light with an intensity commonly used to illuminate countryside roads. The results reveal a strong and spectrum-dependent response for the slow-flying and and more agile species, but not for and species. and species avoided white and green light, but were equally abundant in red light and darkness. The agile, opportunistically feeding species were significantly more abundant around white and green light, most likely because of accumulation of insects, but equally abundant in red illuminated transects compared to dark control. Forest-dwelling and species and more synanthropic species are thus least disturbed by red light. Hence, in order to limit the negative impact of light at night on bats, white and green light should be avoided in or close to natural habitat, but red lights may be used if illumination is needed.
在过去几十年间，夜间人造光显著增加。许多物种群体都受到了影响，包括分布、行为、生理和生活史特征的改变。其中，蝙蝠受到的影响尤为强烈，而且蝙蝠物种对光的反应可能因光的颜色而异。因此，可以采用不同的光谱来减少负面影响。我们利用八个野外地点的独特设置，在原本黑暗且未受干扰的自然栖息地中，研究蝙蝠对三种不同实验光谱的反应。我们测量了在装有发出白色、绿色和红色光的灯柱的样带周围三种蝙蝠物种群体的活动情况，这些灯柱的强度通常用于照亮乡村道路。结果显示，飞行速度较慢的[蝙蝠物种1]和较为敏捷的[蝙蝠物种2]对光谱有强烈反应，但[蝙蝠物种3]和[蝙蝠物种4]没有。[蝙蝠物种1]和[蝙蝠物种2]避开白色和绿色光，但在红色光和黑暗环境中的数量相当。敏捷的、机会主义觅食的[蝙蝠物种5]在白色和绿色光周围的数量显著更多，很可能是因为昆虫聚集，但与黑暗对照组相比，在红色光照样带中的数量也相当。因此，栖息在森林中的[蝙蝠物种6]和[蝙蝠物种7]以及更适应人类环境的[蝙蝠物种8]受红色光的干扰最小。所以，为了限制夜间光对蝙蝠的负面影响，在自然栖息地内或附近应避免使用白色和绿色光，但如果需要照明，可以使用红色光。
