Caivano Antonella, La Rocca Francesco, Laurenzana Ilaria, Trino Stefania, De Luca Luciana, Lamorte Daniela, Del Vecchio Luigi, Musto Pellegrino
Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS-Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), 858028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
Laboratory of Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostics, IRCCS-Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata (CROB), 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.
Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Jun 2;18(6):1183. doi: 10.3390/ijms18061183.
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of particles, between 15 nanometers and 10 microns in diameter, released by almost all cell types in physiological and pathological conditions, including tumors. EVs have recently emerged as particularly interesting informative vehicles, so that they could be considered a true "cell biopsy". Indeed, EV cargo, including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, generally reflects the nature and status of the origin cells. In some cases, EVs are enriched of peculiar molecular cargo, thus suggesting at least a degree of specific cellular packaging. EVs are identified as important and critical players in intercellular communications in short and long distance interplays. Here, we examine the physiological role of EVs and their activity in cross-talk between bone marrow microenvironment and neoplastic cells in hematological malignancies (HMs). In these diseases, HM EVs can modify tumor and bone marrow microenvironment, making the latter "stronger" in supporting malignancy, inducing drug resistance, and suppressing the immune system. Moreover, EVs are abundant in biologic fluids and protect their molecular cargo against degradation. For these and other "natural" characteristics, EVs could be potential biomarkers in a context of HM liquid biopsy and therapeutic tools. These aspects will be also analyzed in this review.
细胞外囊泡（EVs）是一类异质性的颗粒，直径在15纳米至10微米之间，几乎所有细胞类型在生理和病理条件下（包括肿瘤）都会释放。近年来，EVs已成为特别有趣的信息载体，因此它们可被视为一种真正的“细胞活检”。实际上，EVs的货物，包括蛋白质、脂质和核酸，通常反映了起源细胞的性质和状态。在某些情况下，EVs富含特殊的分子货物，这表明至少存在一定程度的特定细胞包装。EVs被认为是细胞间短距离和长距离相互作用中重要且关键的参与者。在此，我们研究了EVs在血液系统恶性肿瘤（HMs）中骨髓微环境与肿瘤细胞之间相互作用中的生理作用及其活性。在这些疾病中，HM EVs可改变肿瘤和骨髓微环境，使后者在支持恶性肿瘤、诱导耐药性和抑制免疫系统方面“更强”。此外，EVs在生物体液中含量丰富，并能保护其分子货物不被降解。由于这些以及其他“天然”特性，EVs在HM液体活检和治疗工具方面可能是潜在的生物标志物。本综述也将分析这些方面。
