Long-Term Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis.

Many patients with mild to moderate atopic dermatitis (AD) are managed by identifying and avoiding allergens and irritants, ensuring skin moisturization, and graded use of topical corticosteroids and/or calcineurin inhibitors. There is little consensus on the next step. Most systemic therapies are "off label" in the United States and include phototherapy, cyclosporine, mycophenolic acid precursors, azathioprine, and methotrexate. The decision to use these therapies should be based on efficacy and safety readouts from well designed, long-term trials. This article reviews the long-term randomized, controlled trials examining safety and/or efficacy of interventions recommended for patients with mild to severe AD.