Environment Department, University of York, York, YO10 5NG, United Kingdom.
Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017 Jun 13;114(24):6167-6175. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1701262114. Epub 2017 Jun 5.
Strong decreases in greenhouse gas emissions are required to meet the reduction trajectory resolved within the 2015 Paris Agreement. However, even these decreases will not avert serious stress and damage to life on Earth, and additional steps are needed to boost the resilience of ecosystems, safeguard their wildlife, and protect their capacity to supply vital goods and services. We discuss how well-managed marine reserves may help marine ecosystems and people adapt to five prominent impacts of climate change: acidification, sea-level rise, intensification of storms, shifts in species distribution, and decreased productivity and oxygen availability, as well as their cumulative effects. We explore the role of managed ecosystems in mitigating climate change by promoting carbon sequestration and storage and by buffering against uncertainty in management, environmental fluctuations, directional change, and extreme events. We highlight both strengths and limitations and conclude that marine reserves are a viable low-tech, cost-effective adaptation strategy that would yield multiple cobenefits from local to global scales, improving the outlook for the environment and people into the future.
为了实现 2015 年《巴黎协定》所确定的减排轨迹，温室气体排放必须大幅减少。然而，即使这些减少也无法避免地球上生命面临的严重压力和破坏，还需要采取额外的措施来增强生态系统的弹性，保护其野生动物，并保护其提供重要货物和服务的能力。我们讨论了管理良好的海洋保护区如何帮助海洋生态系统和人类适应气候变化的五个主要影响：酸化、海平面上升、风暴加剧、物种分布转移以及生产力和氧气供应减少，以及它们的累积效应。我们探讨了管理良好的生态系统在通过促进碳固存和储存以及缓冲管理、环境波动、定向变化和极端事件的不确定性方面，在缓解气候变化方面的作用。我们强调了其优势和局限性，并得出结论，海洋保护区是一种可行的低技术、具有成本效益的适应策略，将从地方到全球范围产生多种共同效益，改善未来环境和人类的前景。
