Mee Jonathan A, Otto Sarah P, Pauly Daniel
Department of Biology Mount Royal University Calgary AB Canada.
Biodiversity Research Centre University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada.
Evol Appl. 2017 Mar 15;10(5):444-461. doi: 10.1111/eva.12460. eCollection 2017 Jun.
Current debates about the efficacy of no-take marine reserves (MR) in protecting large pelagic fish such as tuna and sharks have usually not considered the evolutionary dimension of this issue, which emerges because the propensity to swim away from a given place, like any other biological trait, will probably vary in a heritable fashion among individuals. Here, based on spatially explicit simulations, we investigated whether selection to remain in MRs to avoid higher fishing mortality can lead to the evolution of more philopatric fish. Our simulations, which covered a range of life histories among tuna species (skipjack tuna vs. Atlantic bluefin tuna) and shark species (great white sharks vs. spiny dogfish), suggested that MRs were most effective at maintaining viable population sizes when movement distances were lowest. Decreased movement rate evolved following the establishment of marine reserves, and this evolution occurred more rapidly with higher fishing pressure. Evolutionary reductions in movement rate led to increases in within-reserve population sizes over the course of the 50 years following MR establishment, although this varied among life histories, with skipjack responding fastest and great white sharks slowest. Our results suggest the evolution of decreased movement can augment the efficacy of marine reserves, especially for species, such as skipjack tuna, with relatively short generation times. Even when movement rates did not evolve substantially over 50 years (e.g., given long generation times or little heritable variation), marine reserves were an effective tool for the conservation of fish populations when mean movement rates were low or MRs were large.
当前关于禁捕海洋保护区（MR）在保护金枪鱼和鲨鱼等大型远洋鱼类方面功效的争论，通常没有考虑到这个问题的进化层面。之所以会出现这个层面，是因为像其他任何生物特征一样，从特定地点游开的倾向在个体之间可能会以可遗传的方式有所不同。在此，基于空间明确的模拟，我们研究了选择留在海洋保护区以避免更高捕捞死亡率是否会导致更恋巢鱼类的进化。我们的模拟涵盖了金枪鱼物种（鲣鱼与大西洋蓝鳍金枪鱼）和鲨鱼物种（大白鲨与白斑角鲨）之间的一系列生活史，结果表明，当移动距离最低时，海洋保护区在维持可行种群规模方面最为有效。海洋保护区建立后，移动速率下降，且这种进化在更高捕捞压力下发生得更快。在海洋保护区建立后的50年里，移动速率的进化性降低导致保护区内种群规模增加，尽管这在不同生活史中有所不同，鲣鱼反应最快，大白鲨最慢。我们的结果表明，移动减少的进化可以增强海洋保护区的功效，特别是对于世代时间相对较短的物种，如鲣鱼。即使移动速率在50年内没有显著进化（例如，鉴于世代时间长或可遗传变异少），当平均移动速率较低或海洋保护区面积较大时，海洋保护区仍是保护鱼类种群的有效工具。
