Waddington J L, Youssef H A, Molloy A G, O'Boyle K M, Pugh M T
J Clin Psychiatry. 1985 Apr;46(4 Pt 2):29-33.
It is not known why some schizophrenic patients receiving long-term neuroleptic treatment develop abnormal involuntary orofacial movements, while others do not. Schizophrenic patients with orofacial dyskinesia were found to be more intellectually impaired, more likely to show negative symptoms, and older than those without such movements. These features are characteristic of the "defect state," wherein structural brain changes may be demonstrable. Prolonged long-term neuroleptic treatment of young rats was associated with late-onset orofacial movements; however, such movements occurred spontaneously in untreated senescent rats. Structural brain changes consequent to aging and disease processes may be associated with the emergence of orofacial dyskinesia, even in the absence of exposure to neuroleptics. These movements do not appear to have their basis in striatal dopamine receptor supersensitivity.
目前尚不清楚为什么一些接受长期抗精神病药物治疗的精神分裂症患者会出现异常的不自主口面部运动，而另一些患者则不会。有口面部运动障碍的精神分裂症患者被发现比没有这种运动的患者智力受损更严重，更有可能表现出阴性症状，且年龄更大。这些特征是“缺陷状态”的特点，在这种状态下大脑结构变化可能是可证实的。对幼鼠进行长期的抗精神病药物治疗会导致迟发性口面部运动；然而，这种运动在未治疗的老年大鼠中会自发出现。即使没有接触抗精神病药物，衰老和疾病过程导致的大脑结构变化也可能与口面部运动障碍的出现有关。这些运动似乎并非基于纹状体多巴胺受体超敏反应。
