Public Policy Institute, School of Business and Economics, Universidad Diego Portales, Santiago, Chile.
Department of Epidemiology and Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University, New York, New York.
Gerontologist. 2018 Nov 3;58(6):1166-1176. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnx052.
A destandardization of labor-force patterns revolving around retirement has been observed in recent literature. It is unclear, however, to which degree and of which kind. This study looked at sequences rather than individual statuses or transitions and argued that differentiating older Americans' retirement sequences by type, order, and timing and considering gender, class, and race differences yields a less destandardized picture.
Sequence analysis was employed to analyze panel data from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) for 7,881 individuals observed 6 consecutive times between ages 60-61 and 70-71.
As expected, types of retirement sequences were identified that cannot be subsumed under the conventional model of complete retirement from full-time employment around age 65. However, these retirement sequences were not entirely destandardized, as some irreversibility and age-grading persisted. Further, the degree of destandardization varied along gender, class, and race. Unconventional sequences were archetypal for middle-level educated individuals and Blacks. Also, sequences for women and individuals with lower education showed more unemployment and part-time jobs, and less age-grading.
A sequence-analytic approach that models group differences uncovers misjudgments about the degree of destandardization of retirement sequences. When a continuous process is represented as individual transitions, the overall pattern of retirement sequences gets lost and appears destandardized. These patterns get further complicated by differences in social structures by gender, class, and race in ways that seem to reproduce advantages that men, more highly educated individuals, and Whites enjoy in numerous areas over the life course.
最近的文献中观察到，围绕退休的劳动力模式已经出现了非标准化现象。然而，其程度和种类尚不清楚。本研究着眼于序列，而不是个体地位或转变，并认为通过类型、顺序和时间来区分美国老年人的退休序列，同时考虑性别、阶级和种族差异，可以得出一个非标准化程度较低的画面。
采用序列分析方法，对健康与退休研究（HRS）的面板数据进行分析，该研究共纳入 7881 名参与者，他们在 60-61 岁至 70-71 岁之间连续观察了 6 次。
正如预期的那样，确定了不能归入传统的 65 岁左右完全退休的全职就业模式的退休序列类型。然而，这些退休序列并没有完全非标准化，因为一些不可逆性和年龄分级仍然存在。此外，非标准化的程度沿着性别、阶级和种族而变化。非传统序列是中层教育程度个体和黑人的典型特征。此外，女性和受教育程度较低个体的序列显示出更多的失业和兼职工作，以及较少的年龄分级。
一种对群体差异进行建模的序列分析方法揭示了对退休序列非标准化程度的错误判断。当一个连续的过程被表示为个体转变时，退休序列的整体模式就会丢失，并且显得非标准化。这些模式由于性别、阶级和种族的社会结构差异而变得更加复杂，这些差异似乎复制了男性、受教育程度较高的个体和白人在整个生命过程中在许多领域享有的优势。
