Dufour A P, Behymer T D, Cantú R, Magnuson M, Wymer L J
US Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, USA E-mail:
US Department of Homeland Security, Customs and Border Protection, Southwest Regional Science Center, Houston, TX, USA.
J Water Health. 2017 Jun;15(3):429-437. doi: 10.2166/wh.2017.255.
The volume of water ingested by swimmers while swimming is of great interest to individuals who develop risk assessments using quantitative microbial risk assessment or epidemiological approaches. We have used chloroisocyanurate disinfected swimming pool waters to determine the amount of water swallowed by swimmers during swimming activity. The chloroisocyanurate, which is in equilibrium with chlorine and cyanuric acid in the pool water, provides a biomarker, cyanuric acid, that once swallowed passes through the body into the urine unchanged. The concentration of cyanuric acid in a 24 hour urine specimen and the concentration in pool water can be used to calculate the amount of water swallowed. Our study population of 549 participants, which was about evenly divided by gender, and young and adult swimmers, indicated that swimmers ingest about 32 mL per hour (arithmetic mean) and that children swallowed about four times as much water as adults during swimming activities. It was also observed that males had a tendency to swallow more water than females during swimming activity and that children spent about twice as much time in the water than adults.
对于那些采用定量微生物风险评估或流行病学方法进行风险评估的人来说，游泳者在游泳时摄入的水量是一个非常令人感兴趣的问题。我们使用了氯异氰尿酸消毒的游泳池水来确定游泳者在游泳活动中吞咽的水量。氯异氰尿酸在池水中与氯和氰尿酸处于平衡状态，它提供了一种生物标志物——氰尿酸，一旦被吞咽，它会原封不动地通过身体进入尿液。24小时尿液样本中氰尿酸的浓度以及池水中的浓度可用于计算吞咽的水量。我们的研究对象有549名参与者，男女比例大致均匀，包括年轻和成年游泳者，研究表明游泳者每小时摄入约32毫升（算术平均值），并且儿童在游泳活动中吞咽的水量约为成年人的四倍。还观察到，在游泳活动中男性比女性有更多吞咽水的倾向，而且儿童在水中停留的时间约为成年人的两倍。
