Etzioni Shelly, Erev Ido, Ishaq Robert, Elias Wafa, Shiftan Yoram
Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200, Israel.
Industrial Engineering and Management, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200, Israel.
Accid Anal Prev. 2017 Sep;106:76-81. doi: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.05.024. Epub 2017 Jun 6.
In-vehicle data recorders (IVDR) have been found to facilitate safe driving and are highly valuable in accident analysis. Nevertheless, it is not easy to convince drivers to use them. Part of the difficulty is related to the "Big Brother" concern: installing IVDR impairs the drivers' privacy. The "Big Brother" concern can be mitigated by adding a turn-off switch to the IVDR. However, this addition comes at the expense of increasing speed variability between drivers, which is known to impair safety. The current experimental study examines the significance of this negative effect of a turn-off switch under two experimental settings representing different incentive structures: small and large fines for speeding. 199 students were asked to participate in a computerized speeding dilemma task, where they could control the speed of their "car" using "brake" and "speed" buttons, corresponding to automatic car foot pedals. The participants in two experimental conditions had IVDR installed in their "cars", and were told that they could turn it off at any time. Driving with active IVDR implied some probability of "fines" for speeding, and the two experimental groups differed with respect to the fine's magnitude, small or large. The results indicate that the option to use IVDR reduced speeding and speed variance. In addition, the results indicate that the reduction of speed variability was maximal in the small fine group. These results suggest that using IVDR with gentle fines and with a turn-off option maintains the positive effect of IVDR, addresses the "Big Brother" concern, and does not increase speed variance.
车载数据记录器（IVDR）已被发现有助于安全驾驶，并且在事故分析中具有很高的价值。然而，要说服司机使用它们并不容易。部分困难与“老大哥”担忧有关：安装IVDR会损害司机的隐私。通过给IVDR添加一个关闭开关，可以减轻“老大哥”担忧。然而，这样做的代价是增加了司机之间的速度变异性，而速度变异性已知会损害安全性。当前的实验研究在两种代表不同激励结构的实验设置下，检验了关闭开关这种负面影响的重要性：对超速处以小额和大额罚款。199名学生被要求参与一项计算机化的超速困境任务，在该任务中他们可以使用“刹车”和“加速”按钮来控制“汽车”的速度，这两个按钮对应于汽车的自动脚踏板。两个实验条件下的参与者在他们的“汽车”中安装了IVDR，并被告知他们可以随时关闭它。开启IVDR驾驶意味着超速会有一定概率被“罚款”，两个实验组在罚款额度上有所不同，即小额罚款或大额罚款。结果表明，使用IVDR的选项降低了超速和速度变异性。此外，结果表明，在小额罚款组中速度变异性的降低最大。这些结果表明，使用带有适度罚款和关闭选项的IVDR可以保持IVDR的积极效果，解决“老大哥”担忧，并且不会增加速度变异性。
