Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Engineering Sciences, Box 534, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden; Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Laboratory of Wood and Paper Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3-5, FI-20500, Turku/Åbo, Finland.
Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, c/o Laboratory of Wood and Paper Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3-5, FI-20500, Turku/Åbo, Finland.
Carbohydr Polym. 2017 Sep 15;172:11-19. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.002. Epub 2017 May 2.
Nanocellulose-based biomaterials for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications have been extensively explored. However, studies on different levels of impurities in the nanocellulose and their potential risks are lacking. This article is the most comprehensive to date survey of the importance and characterization of possible leachables and extractables in nanocellulose for biomedical use. In particular, the (1,3)-β-d-glucan interference in endotoxin detection in algal nanocellulose was addressed. Potential lipophilic and hydrophilic leachables, toxic heavy metals, and microbial contaminants are also monitored. As a model system, nanocellulose from Cladophora sp. algae is investigated. The leachable (1,3)-β-d-glucan and endotoxin, which possess strong immunogenic potential, from the cellulose were minimized to clinically insignificant levels of 4.7μg/g and 2.5EU/g, respectively. The levels of various impurities in the Cladophora cellulose are acceptable for future biomedical applications. The presented approach could be considered as a guideline for other types of nanocellulose.
基于纳米纤维素的生物医学和制药应用的生物材料已经得到了广泛的研究。然而，对于纳米纤维素中不同水平的杂质及其潜在风险的研究还很缺乏。本文是迄今为止对用于生物医学用途的纳米纤维素中可能浸出物和可提取物的重要性和特性的最全面综述。特别是，文中解决了藻类纳米纤维素中内毒素检测中（1,3）-β-d-葡聚糖的干扰问题。还监测了潜在的亲脂性和亲水性浸出物、有毒重金属和微生物污染物。以角叉菜属海藻纳米纤维素为模型系统进行了研究。纤维素中具有强烈免疫原性潜力的可浸出（1,3）-β-d-葡聚糖和内毒素分别被最小化至临床意义上可忽略的 4.7μg/g 和 2.5EU/g。角叉菜纤维素中各种杂质的水平可用于未来的生物医学应用。所提出的方法可以被视为其他类型纳米纤维素的指南。
