Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, c/o School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, c/o School of Emergency Management, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2024 Apr;265(Pt 1):130900. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130900. Epub 2024 Mar 16.
Nanocellulose-based biomaterials have gained significant attention in various fields, especially in medical and pharmaceutical areas, due to their unique properties, including non-toxicity, high specific surface area, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and abundant feasible and sophisticated strategies for functional modification. The biosafety of nanocellulose itself is a prerequisite to ensure the safe and effective application of biomaterials as they interact with living cells, tissues, and organs at the nanoscale. Potential residual endogenous impurities and exogenous contaminants could lead to the failure of the intended functionalities or even serious health complications if they are not adequately removed and assessed before use. This review summarizes the sources of impurities in nanocellulose that may pose potential hazards to their biosafety, including endogenous impurities that co-exist in the cellulosic raw materials themselves and exogenous contaminants caused by external exposure. Strategies to reduce or completely remove these impurities are outlined and classified as chemical, physical, biological, and combined methods. Additionally, key points that require careful consideration in the interpretation of the biosafety evaluation outcomes were discussed to ensure the safety and effectiveness of the nanocellulose-based biomaterials in medical applications.
基于纳米纤维素的生物材料由于其独特的性质，包括无毒、高比表面积、可生物降解性、生物相容性以及丰富可行和复杂的功能修饰策略，在各个领域，特别是在医学和制药领域引起了广泛关注。纳米纤维素本身的生物安全性是确保生物材料安全有效应用的前提，因为它们在纳米尺度上与活细胞、组织和器官相互作用。如果在使用前没有充分去除和评估，潜在的残留内源性杂质和外源性污染物可能会导致预期功能失效，甚至严重的健康并发症。本综述总结了可能对其生物安全性构成潜在危害的纳米纤维素中杂质的来源，包括存在于纤维素原料本身中的内源性杂质和由外部暴露引起的外源性污染物。概述并分类了减少或完全去除这些杂质的策略，包括化学、物理、生物和联合方法。此外，还讨论了在解释生物安全性评估结果时需要仔细考虑的关键点，以确保基于纳米纤维素的生物材料在医学应用中的安全性和有效性。
