Research Institute of Science and Sustainability (RISS), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan.
J Appl Toxicol. 2023 Jan;43(1):195-207. doi: 10.1002/jat.4390. Epub 2022 Sep 18.
Cellulose nanofibrils (also called cellulose nanofibers or nanofibrillated cellulose [CNFs]) are novel polymers derived from biomass with excellent physicochemical properties and various potential applications. However, the introduction of such new materials into the market requires thorough safety studies to be conducted. Recently, toxicity testing using cultured cells has attracted attention as a safety assessment that does not rely on experimental animals. This article reviews recent information regarding the cytotoxicity testing of CNFs and highlights the issues relevant to evaluating tests. In the literature, we found that a variety of cell lines and CNF exposure concentrations was evaluated. Furthermore, the results of cytotoxicity results tests differed and were not necessarily consistent. Numerous reports that we examined had not evaluated endotoxin/microbial contamination or the interaction of CNFs with the culture medium used in the tests. The following potential specific issues involved in CNF in vitro testing, were discussed: (1) endotoxin contamination, (2) microbial contamination, (3) adsorption of culture medium components to CNFs, and (4) changes in aggregation/agglomeration and dispersion states of CNFs resulting from culture medium components. In this review, the available measurement methods and solutions for these issues are also discussed. Addressing these points will lead to a better understanding of the cellular effects of CNFs and the development of safer CNFs.
纤维素纳米纤维（也称为纤维素纳米纤维或纳米原纤化纤维素[CNF]）是一种源自生物质的新型聚合物，具有优异的物理化学性质和多种潜在应用。然而，将此类新材料引入市场需要进行彻底的安全性研究。最近，使用培养细胞进行毒性测试作为一种不依赖实验动物的安全性评估引起了关注。本文综述了 CNF 的细胞毒性测试的最新信息，并强调了评估测试的相关问题。在文献中，我们发现已经评估了多种细胞系和 CNF 暴露浓度。此外，细胞毒性测试结果并不一致。我们检查了许多报告，这些报告都没有评估内毒素/微生物污染或 CNF 与测试中使用的培养基之间的相互作用。本文还讨论了 CNF 体外测试中涉及的潜在特定问题：（1）内毒素污染，（2）微生物污染，（3）培养基成分对 CNF 的吸附，以及（4）培养基成分导致 CNF 的聚集/团聚和分散状态的变化。在本文综述中，还讨论了这些问题的可用测量方法和解决方案。解决这些问题将有助于更好地了解 CNF 的细胞效应，并开发更安全的 CNF。
