Klous Gijs, Huss Anke, Heederik Dick J J, Coutinho Roel A
Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, division Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
One Health. 2016 Apr 6;2:65-76. doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2016.03.001. eCollection 2016 Dec.
Micro-organisms transmitted from vertebrate animals - including livestock - to humans account for an estimated 60% of human pathogens. Micro-organisms can be transmitted through inhalation, ingestion, via conjunctiva or physical contact. Close contact with animals is crucial for transmission. The role of intensity and type of contact patterns between livestock and humans for disease transmission is poorly understood. In this systematic review we aimed to summarise current knowledge regarding patterns of human-livestock contacts and their role in micro-organism transmission.
We included peer-reviewed publications published between 1996 and 2014 in our systematic review if they reported on human-livestock contacts, human cases of livestock-related zoonotic diseases or serological epidemiology of zoonotic diseases in human samples. We extracted any information pertaining the type and intensity of human-livestock contacts and associated zoonoses.
1522 papers were identified, 75 were included: 7 reported on incidental zoonoses after brief animal-human contacts (e.g. farm visits), 10 on environmental exposures and 15 on zoonoses in developing countries where backyard livestock keeping is still customary. 43 studies reported zoonotic risks in different occupations. Occupations at risk included veterinarians, culling personnel, slaughterhouse workers and farmers. For culling personnel, more hours exposed to livestock resulted in more frequent occurrence of transmission. Slaughterhouse workers in contact with live animals were more often positive for zoonotic micro-organisms compared to co-workers only exposed to carcasses. Overall, little information was available about the actual mode of micro-organism transmission.
Little is known about the intensity and type of contact patterns between livestock and humans that result in micro-organism transmission. Studies performed in occupational settings provide some, but limited evidence of exposure response-like relationships for livestock-human contact and micro-organism transmission. Better understanding of contact patterns driving micro-organism transmission from animals to humans is needed to provide options for prevention and thus deserves more attention.
据估计，从脊椎动物（包括家畜）传播给人类的微生物占人类病原体的60%。微生物可通过吸入、摄入、经结膜或身体接触传播。与动物密切接触对传播至关重要。人们对家畜与人类之间接触模式的强度和类型在疾病传播中的作用了解甚少。在本系统评价中，我们旨在总结关于人类与家畜接触模式及其在微生物传播中作用的现有知识。
如果同行评审出版物报告了人类与家畜的接触、与家畜相关的人畜共患病的人类病例或人类样本中人畜共患病的血清流行病学，我们将其纳入1996年至2014年的系统评价。我们提取了与人类与家畜接触的类型和强度以及相关人畜共患病有关的任何信息。
共识别出1522篇论文，纳入75篇：7篇报告了短暂的动物与人接触（如农场参观）后的偶发性人畜共患病，10篇报告了环境暴露，15篇报告了仍有家庭饲养家畜习俗的发展中国家的人畜共患病。43项研究报告了不同职业中的人畜共患病风险。有风险的职业包括兽医、扑杀人员、屠宰场工人和农民。对于扑杀人员，接触家畜的时间越长，传播发生的频率越高。与仅接触胴体的同事相比，接触活体动物的屠宰场工人感染人畜共患病微生物的情况更常见。总体而言，关于微生物传播的实际方式的信息很少。
关于导致微生物传播的家畜与人类接触模式的强度和类型，人们了解甚少。在职业环境中进行的研究提供了一些，但有限的证据表明家畜与人类接触和微生物传播之间存在类似暴露反应的关系。需要更好地了解驱动微生物从动物传播给人类的接触模式，以提供预防选择，因此值得更多关注。
