Kasper Claudia, Vierbuchen Maddalena, Ernst Ulrich, Fischer Stefan, Radersma Reinder, Raulo Aura, Cunha-Saraiva Filipa, Wu Min, Mobley Kenyon B, Taborsky Barbara
Institute for Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
Mol Ecol. 2017 Sep;26(17):4364-4377. doi: 10.1111/mec.14208. Epub 2017 Jul 21.
Despite essential progress towards understanding the evolution of cooperative behaviour, we still lack detailed knowledge about its underlying molecular mechanisms, genetic basis, evolutionary dynamics and ontogeny. An international workshop "Genetics and Development of Cooperation," organized by the University of Bern (Switzerland), aimed at discussing the current progress in this research field and suggesting avenues for future research. This review uses the major themes of the meeting as a springboard to synthesize the concepts of genetic and nongenetic inheritance of cooperation, and to review a quantitative genetic framework that allows for the inclusion of indirect genetic effects. Furthermore, we argue that including nongenetic inheritance, such as transgenerational epigenetic effects, parental effects, ecological and cultural inheritance, provides a more nuanced view of the evolution of cooperation. We summarize those genes and molecular pathways in a range of species that seem promising candidates for mechanisms underlying cooperative behaviours. Concerning the neurobiological substrate of cooperation, we suggest three cognitive skills necessary for the ability to cooperate: (i) event memory, (ii) synchrony with others and (iii) responsiveness to others. Taking a closer look at the developmental trajectories that lead to the expression of cooperative behaviours, we discuss the dichotomy between early morphological specialization in social insects and more flexible behavioural specialization in cooperatively breeding vertebrates. Finally, we provide recommendations for which biological systems and species may be particularly suitable, which specific traits and parameters should be measured, what type of approaches should be followed, and which methods should be employed in studies of cooperation to better understand how cooperation evolves and manifests in nature.
尽管在理解合作行为的进化方面取得了重要进展，但我们仍然缺乏关于其潜在分子机制、遗传基础、进化动态和个体发育的详细知识。由瑞士伯尔尼大学组织的一次国际研讨会“合作的遗传学与发育”，旨在讨论该研究领域的当前进展，并为未来研究提出方向。本综述以会议的主要主题为出发点，综合合作的遗传和非遗传遗传概念，并回顾一个允许纳入间接遗传效应的数量遗传框架。此外，我们认为纳入非遗传遗传，如跨代表观遗传效应、亲代效应、生态和文化遗传，能为合作进化提供更细致入微的观点。我们总结了一系列物种中那些似乎是合作行为潜在机制的有前景候选基因和分子途径。关于合作的神经生物学基础，我们提出合作能力所需的三种认知技能：（i）事件记忆，（ii）与他人同步，（iii）对他人的反应能力。仔细研究导致合作行为表达的发育轨迹，我们讨论了社会昆虫早期形态特化与合作繁殖脊椎动物更灵活行为特化之间的二分法。最后，我们就哪些生物系统和物种可能特别合适、应测量哪些特定性状和参数、应遵循何种类型的方法以及在合作研究中应采用哪些方法提出建议，以便更好地理解合作在自然界中如何进化和表现。
