Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Consumer Research Norway, SIFO Oslo and Akershus University for Applied Sciences, Denmark.
Appetite. 2017 Dec 1;119:23-33. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.06.017. Epub 2017 Jun 17.
Using a survey conducted in four Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden) in 2012, we investigated whether eating out in cafés and restaurants in these countries is best characterized as a workday pattern activity or a leisure activity; and, whether frequent eating at cafés and restaurants is related to socio-demographic factors and factors relevant to the organization of daily life. We found that eating out is not a fundamental part of everyday eating. It is something which takes place occasionally. This may be taken to suggest that eating out in the Nordic countries is primarily a leisure activity. However, while this is an accurate portrayal of Denmark and Norway, eating out in Finland and Sweden is somewhat more common and linked to work-life. This difference probably reflects contrasting historical-institutional paths: in Finland and Sweden a food culture emphasizing cooked lunches and dedicated public policies supporting the provisioning of lunches outside the home may have promoted eating out. Multivariate analysis revealed that eating out declines with age. An urbanization effect exists, as residence in a capital city increases the propensity to eat out. There were socio-economic differences in all countries. We hypothesized that education and status would not significantly explain eating out activity after people's gastronomic interest had been controlled for. However, education was statistically significant in Sweden and Norway, and surprisingly status was negatively associated with eating out in Sweden. As expected, eating out was positively associated with income, and it was more frequent among the higher salariat and the self-employed (although not in Norway).
利用 2012 年在四个北欧国家（丹麦、芬兰、挪威和瑞典）进行的一项调查，我们研究了在这些国家的咖啡馆和餐馆就餐是否最好被描述为工作日的活动或休闲活动；以及，在咖啡馆和餐馆就餐的频率是否与社会人口因素和与日常生活组织有关的因素有关。我们发现外出就餐并不是日常饮食的基本组成部分。它只是偶尔发生的事情。这可能表明，在北欧国家外出就餐主要是一种休闲活动。然而，虽然这准确地描述了丹麦和挪威的情况，但在芬兰和瑞典，外出就餐更为常见，与工作生活有关。这种差异可能反映了不同的历史制度路径：在芬兰和瑞典，强调午餐烹饪的饮食文化和支持在家外提供午餐的公共政策可能促进了外出就餐。多变量分析显示，外出就餐的频率随年龄增长而下降。存在城市化效应，因为居住在首都城市会增加外出就餐的倾向。在所有国家都存在社会经济差异。我们假设，在控制了人们的美食兴趣之后，教育和地位不会显著解释外出就餐活动。然而，在瑞典和挪威，教育具有统计学意义，而令人惊讶的是，在瑞典，地位与外出就餐呈负相关。正如预期的那样，外出就餐与收入呈正相关，而且在高薪阶层和自雇人士中更为常见（尽管在挪威并非如此）。
