Brinkmann C, Bloch W, Brixius K
Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018 Feb;28(2):549-564. doi: 10.1111/sms.12937. Epub 2017 Jul 26.
Both hypoxia (decreased oxygen availability) and hyperoxia (increased oxygen availability) have been shown to alter exercise adaptations in healthy subjects. This review aims to clarify the possible benefits of exercise during short-term exposure to hypoxia or hyperoxia for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There is evidence that exercise during short-term exposure to hypoxia can acutely increase skeletal muscle glucose uptake more than exercise in normoxia, and that post-exercise insulin sensitivity in T2DM patients is more increased when exercise is performed under hypoxic conditions. Furthermore, interventional studies show that glycemic control can be improved through regular physical exercise in short-term hypoxia at a lower workload than in normoxia, and that exercise training in short-term hypoxia can contribute to increased weight loss in overweight/obese (insulin-resistant) subjects. While numerous studies involving healthy subjects report that regular exercise in hypoxia can increase vascular health (skeletal muscle capillarization and vascular dilator function) to a higher extent than exercise training in normoxia, there is no convincing evidence yet that hypoxia has such additive effects in T2DM patients in the long term. Some studies indicate that the use of hyperoxia during exercise can decrease lactate concentrations and subjective ratings of perceived exertion. Thus, there are interesting starting points for future studies to further evaluate possible beneficial effects of exercise in short-term hypoxia or hyperoxia at different oxygen concentrations and exposure durations. In general, exposure to hypoxia/hyperoxia should be considered with caution. Possible health risks-especially for T2DM patients-are also analyzed in this review.
低氧（氧供应减少）和高氧（氧供应增加）均已被证明会改变健康受试者的运动适应性。本综述旨在阐明短期暴露于低氧或高氧环境下运动对2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者可能带来的益处。有证据表明，短期暴露于低氧环境下运动比在常氧环境下运动能更显著地急性增加骨骼肌葡萄糖摄取，并且T2DM患者在低氧条件下运动后胰岛素敏感性增加更为明显。此外，干预性研究表明，与常氧环境相比，在较低工作量下进行短期低氧环境中的规律体育锻炼可改善血糖控制，且短期低氧环境下的运动训练有助于超重/肥胖（胰岛素抵抗）受试者增加体重减轻。虽然众多涉及健康受试者的研究报告称，低氧环境下的规律运动比常氧环境下的运动训练能更大程度地改善血管健康（骨骼肌毛细血管化和血管舒张功能），但尚无令人信服的证据表明长期来看低氧对T2DM患者有此类叠加效应。一些研究表明，运动期间使用高氧可降低乳酸浓度和主观用力感觉评分。因此，未来研究有有趣的切入点，可进一步评估在不同氧浓度和暴露时长下，短期低氧或高氧环境中运动可能产生的有益效果。一般而言，应谨慎考虑暴露于低氧/高氧环境。本综述还分析了可能的健康风险——尤其是对T2DM患者而言。
