Dynamically tuning near-infrared-induced photothermal performances of TiO nanocrystals by Nb doping for imaging-guided photothermal therapy of tumors.

Conventional wide bandgap semiconductors can absorb UV/visible light but have no photoabsorption band in the near-infrared (NIR) region, leading to difficulty in their use as NIR-responsive agents. With TiO as an example, we report the tuning from UV-responsive TiO nanocrystals to blue TiO nanocrystals with newly appeared NIR absorption band through the Nb-doping strategy. A strong NIR band should result from the localized surface plasmon resonances due to the considerable free electrons originating from the efficient incorporation of Nb ions (<15.5%). Interestingly, under the irradiation of a 1064 nm laser, Nb-doped TiO nanocrystals can convert laser energy into heat, and higher Nb-doping content can lead to higher NIR-induced temperature elevation, highlighting that the photothermal performances of TiO nanocrystals can be dynamically modulated by adjusting the Nb-doping levels. After coating with PEGylated phospholipid, the resulting nanocrystals display water dispersibility, high photothermal conversion efficiency and cytocompatibility. Therefore, these Nb-doped TiO nanocrystals can be used as efficient and heavy-metal-free nanoagents for the simultaneous NIR/photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy of tumors using a 1064 nm laser in the second biological window.