Hecimovich Mark, Marais Ida
Division of Athletic Training, University of Northern Iowa, 003C Human Performance Center, Cedar Falls, IA, USA.
School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
BMC Res Notes. 2017 Jun 26;10(1):228. doi: 10.1186/s13104-017-2559-z.
Awareness of sport-related concussion (SRC) is an essential step in increasing the number of athletes or parents who report on SRC. This awareness is important, as there is no established data on medical care at youth-level sports and may be limited to individuals with only first aid training. In this circumstance, aside from the coach, it is the players and their parents who need to be aware of possible signs and symptoms. The aim of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of a parent and player concussion survey intended for use before and after an education campaign regarding SRC.
1441 questionnaires were received from parents and 284 questionnaires from players. The responses to the sixteen-item section of the questionnaire's 'recognition of signs and symptoms' were submitted to psychometric analysis using the dichotomous and polytomous Rasch model via the Rasch Unidimensional Measurement Model software RUMM2030. The Rasch model of Modern Test Theory can be considered a refinement of, or advance on, traditional analyses of an instrument's psychometric properties.
The main finding is that these sixteen items measure two factors: items that are symptoms of concussion and items that are not symptoms of concussion. Parents and athletes were able to identify most or all of the symptoms, but were not as good at distinguishing symptoms that are not symptoms of concussion. Analyzing these responses revealed differential item functioning for parents and athletes on non-symptom items. When the DIF was resolved a significant difference was found between parents and athletes.
The main finding is that the items measure two 'dimensions' in concussion symptom recognition. The first dimension consists of those items that are symptoms of concussion and the second dimension of those items that are not symptoms of concussion. Parents and players were able to identify most or all of the symptoms of concussion, so one would not expect to pick up any positive change on these items after an education campaign. Parents and players were not as good at distinguishing symptoms that are not symptoms of concussion. It is on these items that one may possibly expect improvement to manifest, so to evaluate the effectiveness of an education campaign it would pay to look for improvement in distinguishing symptoms that are not symptoms of concussion.
提高对运动相关脑震荡（SRC）的认知是增加报告SRC的运动员或家长数量的关键一步。这种认知很重要，因为目前尚无关于青少年体育赛事医疗护理的确切数据，且相关认知可能仅限于接受过急救培训的人员。在这种情况下，除教练外，运动员及其家长也需要了解可能出现的体征和症状。本研究的目的是检验一项针对家长和运动员的脑震荡调查问卷的心理测量特性，该问卷旨在用于SRC教育活动前后。
共收到1441份家长问卷和284份运动员问卷。问卷中“体征和症状识别”部分的16个项目的回答，通过Rasch单维测量模型软件RUMM2030，采用二分法和多分类Rasch模型进行心理测量分析。现代测试理论的Rasch模型可被视为对仪器心理测量特性传统分析的改进或发展。
主要发现是这16个项目测量两个因素：脑震荡症状的项目和非脑震荡症状的项目。家长和运动员能够识别大多数或所有症状，但在区分非脑震荡症状方面表现不佳。对这些回答的分析揭示了家长和运动员在非症状项目上的项目功能差异。解决项目功能差异后，发现家长和运动员之间存在显著差异。
主要发现是这些项目在脑震荡症状识别中测量两个“维度”。第一个维度由那些是脑震荡症状的项目组成，第二个维度由那些不是脑震荡症状的项目组成。家长和运动员能够识别大多数或所有脑震荡症状，因此在教育活动后，预计这些项目不会有任何积极变化。家长和运动员在区分非脑震荡症状方面表现不佳。正是在这些项目上可能会出现改善，因此为了评估教育活动的效果，值得关注在区分非脑震荡症状方面的改善情况。
