Involvement of autophagy in tantalum nanoparticle-induced osteoblast proliferation.

Porous tantalum (Ta) implants are highly corrosion resistant and biocompatible, and they possess significantly better initial stability than that of conventional titanium (Ti) implants. During loading wear, Ta nanoparticles (Ta-NPs) that were deposited on the surface of a porous Ta implant are inevitably released and come into direct contact with peri-implant osteoblasts. The wear debris may influence cell behavior and implant stabilization. However, the interaction of Ta-NPs with osteoblasts has not been clearly investigated. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Ta-NPs on cell proliferation and their underlying mechanism. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to measure the cell viability of MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblasts and showed that Ta-NP treatment could increase cell viability. Then, confocal microscopy, Western blotting, and transmission electron microscopy were used to confirm the autophagy induced by Ta-NPs, and evidence of autophagy induction was observed as positive LC3 puncta, high-LC3-II expression, and autophagic vesicle ultrastructures. The CCK-8 assay revealed that the cell viability was further increased and decreased by the application of an autophagy inducer and inhibitor, respectively. In addition, pre-treatment with autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) inhibited the Ta-NP-induced autophagy. These results indicate that the Ta-NPs can promote cell proliferation, that an autophagy inducer can further strengthen this effect and that an autophagy inhibitor can weaken this effect. In conclusion, autophagy was involved in Ta-NP-induced cell proliferation and had a promoting effect.