CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Brisbane, 4102, Australia.
School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Herston Road, Brisbane, QLD, 4006, Australia.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017 Aug;24(23):19001-19010. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-9557-5. Epub 2017 Jun 28.
Large-scale wastewater schemes rely on multi-barrier approach for the production of safe and sustainable recycled water. In multi-barrier wastewater reclamation systems, conventional activated sludge process (ASP) often constitutes a major initial treatment step. The main aim of this research was to determine most appropriate sampling approach to establish pathogen removal efficacy of ASP. The results suggest that ASP is capable of reducing human adenovirus (HAdV) and polyomavirus (HPyV) by up to 3 log. The virus removal data suggests that HAdV removal is comparable to somatic bacteriophage belonging to Microviridae family. Due to the high removal of Escherichia coli (>3 log) and very poor correlation with the enteric virus, it is not recommended that E. coli be used as a surrogate for enteric virus removal. The results also demonstrated no statistically significant differences (t test, P > 0.05) in calculated log removal values (LRVs) for HAdV, HPyV, and Microviridae from samples collected on hydraulic retention time (HRT) or simultaneous paired samples collected for influent and effluent. This indicates that a more practical approach of simultaneous sampling for influent and effluent could be used to determine pathogen removal efficiency of ASP. The results also suggest that a minimum of 10, preferably 20 samples, are required to fully capture variability in the removal of virus. In order to cover for the potential seasonal prevalence of viruses such as norovirus and rotavirus, sampling should be spread across all seasons.
大型废水处理方案依赖于多屏障方法来生产安全和可持续的再生水。在多屏障废水回收系统中，传统的活性污泥法（ASP）通常构成主要的初始处理步骤。本研究的主要目的是确定最合适的采样方法来确定 ASP 的病原体去除效果。结果表明，ASP 能够将人腺病毒（HAdV）和多瘤病毒（HPyV）减少多达 3 个对数级。病毒去除数据表明，HAdV 的去除率与属于微病毒科的体细胞噬菌体相当。由于大肠杆菌（E. coli）的去除率很高（>3 个对数级），且与肠道病毒相关性很差，因此不建议将大肠杆菌用作肠道病毒去除的替代物。结果还表明，在水力停留时间（HRT）上采集的样本或同时采集的进水和出水的同时配对样本中，HAdV、HPyV 和微病毒科的计算对数去除值（LRVs）之间没有统计学上的显著差异（t 检验，P>0.05）。这表明，可以采用更实用的同时采集进水和出水的方法来确定 ASP 的病原体去除效率。结果还表明，至少需要 10 个样本，最好是 20 个样本，才能充分捕捉病毒去除的变异性。为了覆盖诺如病毒和轮状病毒等病毒的潜在季节性流行，采样应分布在所有季节。
