Institute of Environmental Science & Research Ltd, Kenepuru Science Centre, PO Box 50-348, Porirua, New Zealand.
Water Res. 2011 Nov 15;45(18):6267-76. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.09.029. Epub 2011 Sep 19.
Human adenovirus (AdV and AdV species F), enterovirus (EV) and norovirus (NoV) concentrations entering wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) serving different-sized communities, and effectiveness of different treatment processes in reducing concentrations were established. Data was combined to create a characteristic and unique descriptor of the individual viral composition and termed as the sample virus profile. Virus profiles were generally independent of population size and treatment process (moving bed biofilm reactors, activated sludge, waste stabilisation ponds). AdV and EV concentrations in wastewater were more variable in small (<4000) and medium-sized (10,000-64,000) WWTP than in large-sized (>130,000 inhabitants) plants. AdV and EV concentrations were detected in influent of most WWTP (AdV range 1.00-4.08 log(10) infectious units (IU)/L, 3.25-8.62 log(10) genome copies/L; EV range 0.7-3.52 log(10) plaque forming units (PFU)/L; 2.84-6.67 log(10) genome copies/L) with a reduced median concentration in effluent (AdV range 0.70-3.26 log(10) IU/L, 2.97-6.95 log(10) genome copies/L; EV range 0.7-2.15 log(10)PFU/L, 1.54-5.28 log(10) genome copies/L). Highest culturable AdV and EV concentrations in effluent were from a medium-sized WWTP. NoV was sporadic in all WWTP with GI and GII concentrations being similar in influent (range 2.11-4.64 and 2.19-5.46 log(10) genome copies/L) as in effluent (range 2.18-5.06 and 2.88-5.46 log(10) genome copies/L). Effective management of WWTP requires recognition that virus concentration in influent will vary - particularly in small and medium plants. Irrespective of treatment type, culturable viruses and NoV are likely to be present in non-disinfected effluent, with associated human health risks dependent on concentration and receiving water usage.
建立了进入不同规模社区服务的废水处理厂(WWTP)的人类腺病毒(AdV 和 AdV 种 F)、肠病毒(EV)和诺如病毒(NoV)浓度,以及不同处理工艺在降低浓度方面的有效性。将数据合并创建了个体病毒组成的特征和独特描述符,并称为样本病毒特征。病毒特征通常与人口规模和处理工艺(移动床生物膜反应器、活性污泥、废物稳定化池塘)无关。在小型(<4000)和中型(10000-64000)WWTP 中,废水中的 AdV 和 EV 浓度比大型(>130000 居民)工厂中的更具变异性。大多数 WWTP 的进水均检测到 AdV 和 EV(AdV 范围 1.00-4.08 log(10) 感染单位(IU)/L,3.25-8.62 log(10) 基因组拷贝/L;EV 范围 0.7-3.52 log(10) 噬菌斑形成单位(PFU)/L;2.84-6.67 log(10) 基因组拷贝/L),而出水的中位数浓度降低(AdV 范围 0.70-3.26 log(10) IU/L,2.97-6.95 log(10) 基因组拷贝/L;EV 范围 0.7-2.15 log(10)PFU/L,1.54-5.28 log(10) 基因组拷贝/L)。最高可培养的 AdV 和 EV 浓度来自中型 WWTP。在所有 WWTP 中,NoV 都是零星存在的,其 GI 和 GII 浓度在进水(范围 2.11-4.64 和 2.19-5.46 log(10) 基因组拷贝/L)和出水(范围 2.18-5.06 和 2.88-5.46 log(10) 基因组拷贝/L)中相似。有效管理 WWTP 需要认识到,进水的病毒浓度会发生变化-特别是在小型和中型工厂中。无论处理类型如何,可培养病毒和 NoV 都可能存在于未经消毒的废水中,其相关的人类健康风险取决于浓度和受纳水的使用。