Wasenius Niko S, Grattan Kimberly P, Harvey Alysha L J, Barrowman Nick, Goldfield Gary S, Adamo Kristi B
Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.
PLoS One. 2017 Jun 29;12(6):e0180249. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180249. eCollection 2017.
Animal studies have suggested that maternal weight-related factors during pregnancy can program offspring physical activity in a sex-dependent manner. However, there is limited evidence in humans. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between maternal gestational weight gain (GWG) and offspring total physical activity (TPA) level and to determine whether these associations are moderated by sex of offspring or maternal pre-pregnancy weight status.
We studied 56 boys (mean age = 3.7 years, standard deviation (SD) 0.5) and 57 girls (mean age = 3.5±0.5 years) enrolled in licensed childcare centers. TPA was objectively measured using Actical® accelerometers. Information on pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), GWG, and other maternal factors were collected with a maternal health questionnaire. Associations between GWG, as a continuous variable or categorically (inadequate, adequate, and excessive), and offspring TPA were analysed using linear mixed models to take into account the intraclass correlation between the clusters (childcare centers). Models were adjusted for gestational age, accelerometer weartime, socioeconomic status, and pre-pregnancy BMI status.
We found a significant sex interaction (P-value = 0.009). In boys, greater GWG was associated with decreased offspring TPA (β = -3.2 counts⋅1000-1/d, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = -6.4-0.02, P-value = 0.049). In girls born to mothers categorized as overweight or obese, the association between the GWG and TPA followed an inverted U-shape curve (β for GWG squared = -0.1 counts⋅1000-1/d, 95% CI = (-0.2 --0.04), P-value = 0.005). In contrast, a U-shaped curve was found in girls born to mothers classified as lean (pre-pregnancy BMI<25 kg/m2) (β for GWG squared = 0.7 counts⋅1000-1/d, 95% CI = 0.2-1.2, P-value = 0.011). In boys, TPA in offspring was higher among women with inadequate GWG compared to adequate GWG (P-value = 0.0137), whereas no significant differences were found in girls (P-value = 0.107).
Maternal GWG can be an important biological marker of offspring TPA. These findings support the sex-dependent early developmental programming influence of GWG on TPA.
动物研究表明，孕期与母体体重相关的因素能够以性别依赖的方式对后代的身体活动进行编程。然而，人类方面的证据有限。本研究的目的是调查母体孕期体重增加（GWG）与后代总身体活动（TPA）水平之间的关联，并确定这些关联是否受后代性别或母体孕前体重状况的影响。
我们研究了在持牌托儿中心登记的56名男孩（平均年龄 = 3.7岁，标准差（SD）0.5）和57名女孩（平均年龄 = 3.5±0.5岁）。使用Actical®加速度计客观测量TPA。通过母体健康问卷收集孕前体重指数（BMI）、GWG和其他母体因素的信息。将GWG作为连续变量或分类变量（不足、充足和过量），并使用线性混合模型分析其与后代TPA之间的关联，以考虑聚类（托儿中心）之间的组内相关性。模型针对胎龄、加速度计佩戴时间、社会经济状况和孕前BMI状况进行了调整。
我们发现了显著的性别交互作用（P值 = 0.009）。在男孩中，GWG增加与后代TPA降低相关（β = -3.2计数⋅1000-1/d，95%置信区间（CI）= -6.4 - 0.02，P值 = 0.049）。在母亲被归类为超重或肥胖的女孩中，GWG与TPA之间的关联呈倒U形曲线（GWG平方的β = -0.1计数⋅1000-1/d，95% CI = (-0.2 --0.04)，P值 = 0.005）。相比之下，在母亲被归类为瘦（孕前BMI<25 kg/m2）的女孩中发现了U形曲线（GWG平方的β = 0.7计数⋅1000-1/d，95% CI = 0.2 - 1.2，P值 = 0.011）。在男孩中，GWG不足组的后代TPA高于GWG充足组（P值 = 0.0137），而在女孩中未发现显著差异（P值 = 0.107）。
母体GWG可能是后代TPA的重要生物学标志物。这些发现支持了GWG对TPA的性别依赖型早期发育编程影响。
