Cyclic Di-GMP and VpsR Induce the Expression of Type II Secretion in Vibrio cholerae.

is a human pathogen that alternates between growth in environmental reservoirs and infection of human hosts, causing severe diarrhea. The second messenger cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) mediates this transition by controlling a wide range of functions, such as biofilms, virulence, and motility. Here, we report that c-di-GMP induces expression of the extracellular protein secretion () gene cluster, which encodes the type II secretion system (T2SS) in Analysis of the genes confirmed the presence of two promoters located upstream of , the first gene in the operon, one of which is induced by c-di-GMP. This induction is directly mediated by the c-di-GMP-binding transcriptional activator VpsR. Increased expression of the operon did not impact secretion of extracellular toxin or biofilm formation but did increase expression of the pseudopilin protein EpsG on the cell surface. Type II secretion systems (T2SSs) are the primary molecular machines by which Gram-negative bacteria secrete proteins and protein complexes that are folded and assembled in the periplasm. The substrates of T2SSs include extracellular factors, such as proteases and toxins. Here, we show that the widely conserved second messenger cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP) upregulates expression of the genes encoding the T2SS in the pathogen via the c-di-GMP-dependent transcription factor VpsR.