Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.
Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America.
Blood Transfus. 2017 Oct;15(6):522-534. doi: 10.2450/2017.0353-16. Epub 2017 May 15.
Here we review recent data and the evolving understanding of the role of red blood cell-derived microparticles (RMPs) in normal physiology and in disease progression. Microparticles (MPs) are small membrane vesicles derived from various parent cell types. MPs are produced in response to a variety of stimuli through several cytoskeletal and membrane phospholipid changes. MPs have been investigated as potential biomarkers for multiple disease processes and are thought to have biological effects, most notably in: promotion of coagulation, production and handling of reactive oxygen species, immune modulation, angiogenesis, and in apoptosis. Specifically, RMPs are produced normally during RBC maturation and their production is accelerated during processing and storage for transfusion. Several factors during RBC storage are known to trigger RMP production, including: increased intracellular calcium, increased potassium leakage, and energy failure with ATP depletion. Of note, RMP composition differs from that of intact RBCs, and the nature and composition of RMP components are affected by both storage duration and the character of storage solutions. Recognised RMP bioactivities include: promotion of coagulation, immune modulation, and promotion of endothelial adhesion, as well as influence upon vasoregulation via nitric oxide (NO) scavenging. Of particular relevance, RMPs are more avid NO scavengers than intact RBCs and this feature has been proposed as a mechanism for the impaired oxygen delivery homeostasis that has been observed following transfusion. Preliminary human studies demonstrate that circulating RMP abundance increases with RBC transfusion and is associated with altered plasma vasoactivity and abnormal vasoregulation. In summary, RMPs are submicron particles released from stored RBCs, with demonstrated vasoactive properties that appear to disturb oxygen delivery homeostasis. The clinical impact of RMPs in transfusion recipients is an area of continued investigation.
在这里，我们回顾了最近关于红细胞衍生的微粒（RMP）在正常生理和疾病进展中的作用的研究数据和不断发展的认识。微粒（MPs）是从小型细胞膜囊泡衍生而来的各种母细胞类型。通过几种细胞骨架和膜磷脂的变化，MPs 在各种刺激下产生。MPs 已被研究作为多种疾病过程的潜在生物标志物，并被认为具有生物学效应，尤其是在：促进凝血、产生和处理活性氧、免疫调节、血管生成和细胞凋亡。具体来说，RMP 在 RBC 成熟过程中正常产生，并且在加工和储存用于输血期间其产生加速。在 RBC 储存期间，已知有几个因素会触发 RMP 的产生，包括：细胞内钙离子增加、钾离子泄漏增加以及能量衰竭导致三磷酸腺苷（ATP）耗竭。值得注意的是，RMP 的组成与完整的 RBC 不同，并且 RMP 成分的性质和组成既受储存时间的影响，也受储存溶液的性质的影响。公认的 RMP 生物活性包括：促进凝血、免疫调节和促进内皮细胞黏附，以及通过清除一氧化氮（NO）来影响血管调节。特别相关的是，RMP 比完整的 RBC 更有效地清除 NO，并且该特征已被提出作为观察到的输血后氧气输送稳态受损的机制。初步的人体研究表明，循环中 RMP 的丰度随 RBC 输血而增加，并且与血浆血管活性改变和异常血管调节有关。总之，RMP 是从小鼠储存的 RBC 中释放出来的亚微米颗粒，具有已证实的血管活性特性，这些特性似乎会扰乱氧气输送稳态。RMP 在输血受者中的临床影响是一个持续研究的领域。
