Fletcher Jared R, MacIntosh Brian R
Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada.
Front Physiol. 2017 Jun 22;8:433. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00433. eCollection 2017.
The economy of running has traditionally been quantified from the mass-specific oxygen uptake; however, because fuel substrate usage varies with exercise intensity, it is more accurate to express running economy in units of metabolic energy. Fundamentally, the understanding of the major factors that influence the energy cost of running (E) can be obtained with this approach. E is determined by the energy needed for skeletal muscle contraction. Here, we approach the study of E from that perspective. The amount of energy needed for skeletal muscle contraction is dependent on the force, duration, shortening, shortening velocity, and length of the muscle. These factors therefore dictate the energy cost of running. It is understood that some determinants of the energy cost of running are not trainable: environmental factors, surface characteristics, and certain anthropometric features. Other factors affecting E are altered by training: other anthropometric features, muscle and tendon properties, and running mechanics. Here, the key features that dictate the energy cost during distance running are reviewed in the context of skeletal muscle energetics.
传统上，跑步经济性是根据单位质量摄氧量来量化的；然而，由于燃料底物的使用会随运动强度而变化，因此用代谢能量单位来表示跑步经济性更为准确。从根本上说，通过这种方法可以了解影响跑步能量消耗（E）的主要因素。E由骨骼肌收缩所需的能量决定。在此，我们从这一角度来研究E。骨骼肌收缩所需的能量量取决于肌肉的力量、持续时间、缩短程度、缩短速度和长度。因此，这些因素决定了跑步的能量消耗。据了解，跑步能量消耗的一些决定因素是不可训练的：环境因素、地面特征和某些人体测量特征。其他影响E的因素可通过训练改变：其他人体测量特征、肌肉和肌腱特性以及跑步力学。在此，我们在骨骼肌能量学的背景下，对决定长跑过程中能量消耗的关键特征进行综述。
