Seidler R D, Carson R G
University of Florida, P.O. Box 118205, Gainesville, FL, 32611-8205, USA.
Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2017 Jul 13;14(1):74. doi: 10.1186/s12984-017-0279-1.
Here we provide an overview of findings and viewpoints on the mechanisms of sensorimotor learning presented at the 2016 Biomechanics and Neural Control of Movement (BANCOM) conference in Deer Creek, OH. This field has shown substantial growth in the past couple of decades. For example it is now well accepted that neural systems outside of primary motor pathways play a role in learning. Frontoparietal and anterior cingulate networks contribute to sensorimotor adaptation, reflecting strategic aspects of exploration and learning. Longer term training results in functional and morphological changes in primary motor and somatosensory cortices. Interestingly, re-engagement of strategic processes once a skill has become well learned may disrupt performance. Efforts to predict individual differences in learning rate have enhanced our understanding of the neural, behavioral, and genetic factors underlying skilled human performance. Access to genomic analyses has dramatically increased over the past several years. This has enhanced our understanding of cellular processes underlying the expression of human behavior, including involvement of various neurotransmitters, receptors, and enzymes. Surprisingly our field has been slow to adopt such approaches in studying neural control, although this work does require much larger sample sizes than are typically used to investigate skill learning. We advocate that individual differences approaches can lead to new insights into human sensorimotor performance. Moreover, a greater understanding of the factors underlying the wide range of performance capabilities seen across individuals can promote personalized medicine and refinement of rehabilitation strategies, which stand to be more effective than "one size fits all" treatments.
在此，我们概述了在俄亥俄州鹿溪举行的2016年运动生物力学与神经控制（BANCOM）会议上提出的关于感觉运动学习机制的研究结果和观点。在过去几十年中，该领域有了显著发展。例如，现在人们普遍认为，初级运动通路之外的神经系统在学习中发挥作用。额顶叶和前扣带回网络有助于感觉运动适应，反映了探索和学习的策略性方面。长期训练会导致初级运动皮层和体感皮层在功能和形态上发生变化。有趣的是，一旦一项技能熟练掌握后，重新启用策略性过程可能会干扰表现。预测学习速度个体差异的努力增进了我们对熟练人类表现背后的神经、行为和遗传因素的理解。在过去几年中，基因组分析的可及性大幅提高。这增进了我们对人类行为表达背后细胞过程的理解，包括各种神经递质、受体和酶的参与。令人惊讶的是，尽管这项工作确实需要比通常用于研究技能学习的样本量大得多，但我们这个领域在采用此类方法研究神经控制方面一直很缓慢。我们主张，个体差异方法能够为人类感觉运动表现带来新的见解。此外，更深入地了解个体间广泛的表现能力背后的因素，可以促进个性化医疗和康复策略的优化，这些策略可能比“一刀切”的治疗方法更有效。
