National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), via Salaria, km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, 00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy.
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2017 Sep;24(26):21256-21261. doi: 10.1007/s11356-017-9549-5. Epub 2017 Jul 24.
Psychotropic substances (PSs) are known to affect air and waters, while scarce attention has been paid to their occurrence in settled dusts although they can reach important concentrations there; moreover, no procedures have been developed for this specific purpose. In this study, a list of PSs (i.e., nicotine, cotinine, caffeine, cocaine, cannabinol, Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, amphetamine, heroin, and methadone) were characterized in dusts from Rome and Fiumicino international airport, Italy, and from Ouargla city, Algeria. The analytical procedure, based on ultra-sonic bath extraction, silica column chromatography, and GC-MSD analysis, provided good recovery, uncertainty, sensitivity, and lack of interferences for all substances except amphetamine. In NIST SRM-2585 house dust, nicotine, cotinine, caffeine, cocaine, and cannabinol accounted for ~5.95, 0.87, 4.17, 7.0, and 2.2 μg/g, respectively; on the other hand, methadone, tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and heroin (all <0.025 μg/g) were below the detection limit of the method. Two sites at the Fiumicino airport were affected by different loads of PSs (e.g., 0.76 and 2.80 ng/m of cocaine). In Ouargla, where dust was collected in a primary school and a dwelling, nicotine ranged from ~60 ± 50 to ~86 ± 89 ng/m, cocaine was absent, and cannabinoids (0.35 ± 0.43 ng/m as total) were found only in the home. In Rome, nicotine, caffeine, cocaine, and cannabinol reached ca. 700, 1470, 0.82, and 2.4 ng/m, respectively, in a smokers' home, but they were ca. 1300, 25,000, 670, and 1700 ng/m in a non-smoker home. In conclusion, all dusts revealed the presence of illicit PSs. Further studies are necessary to understand the links between the PS amounts in airborne particulates and in dusts, as well as the PS origin and fate in interiors.
精神药物（PSs）已知会影响空气和水，尽管它们在定居尘埃中可能达到重要浓度，但很少有人关注它们在那里的存在；此外，还没有为此特定目的开发的程序。在这项研究中，从意大利罗马和菲乌米奇诺国际机场以及阿尔及利亚瓦尔格拉市的尘埃中对一系列 PSs（即尼古丁、可替宁、咖啡因、可卡因、大麻酚、Δ-四氢大麻酚、大麻二酚、安非他命、海洛因和美沙酮）进行了表征。基于超声浴提取、硅胶柱层析和 GC-MSD 分析的分析程序为所有物质（除安非他命外）提供了良好的回收率、不确定性、灵敏度和缺乏干扰。在 NIST SRM-2585 房屋灰尘中，尼古丁、可替宁、咖啡因、可卡因和大麻酚分别占5.95、0.87、4.17、7.0 和 2.2μg/g；另一方面，美沙酮、四氢大麻酚、大麻二酚和海洛因（均<0.025μg/g）低于该方法的检测限。菲乌米奇诺机场的两个地点受到不同 PSs 负荷的影响（例如，可卡因为 0.76 和 2.80ng/m）。在瓦尔格拉，灰尘是在一所小学和一所住宅中收集的，尼古丁的范围为60±50 至~86±89ng/m，不存在可卡因，而大麻素（总含量为 0.35±0.43ng/m）仅在家庭中发现。在罗马，尼古丁、咖啡因、可卡因和大麻酚在一个吸烟者的家中分别达到约 700、1470、0.82 和 2.4ng/m，但在一个不吸烟者的家中分别达到约 1300、25000、670 和 1700ng/m。总之，所有灰尘都显示出存在非法 PSs。需要进一步的研究来了解空气传播颗粒物和灰尘中 PSs 含量之间的联系，以及 PSs 在室内的来源和命运。
