Amick Lauren J, Chang Soo-Eun, Wade Juli, McAuley J Devin
Department of Psychology, Michigan State UniversityEast Lansing, MI, United States.
Department of Psychiatry, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI, United States.
Front Psychol. 2017 Jul 11;8:1148. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01148. eCollection 2017.
Stuttering is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by frequent and involuntary disruptions during speech production. Adults who stutter are often subject to negative perceptions. The present study examined whether negative social and cognitive impressions are formed when listening to speech, even without any knowledge about the speaker. Two experiments were conducted in which naïve participants were asked to listen to and provide ratings on samples of read speech produced by adults who stutter and typically-speaking adults without knowledge about the individuals who produced the speech. In both experiments, listeners rated speaker cognitive ability, likeability, anxiety, as well as a number of speech characteristics that included fluency, naturalness, intelligibility, the likelihood the speaker had a speech-and-language disorder (Experiment 1 only), rate and volume (both Experiments 1 and 2). The speech of adults who stutter was perceived to be less fluent, natural, intelligible, and to be slower and louder than the speech of typical adults. Adults who stutter were also perceived to have lower cognitive ability, to be less likeable and to be more anxious than the typical adult speakers. Relations between speech characteristics and social and cognitive impressions were found, independent of whether or not the speaker stuttered (i.e., they were found for both adults who stutter and typically-speaking adults) and did not depend on being cued that some of the speakers may have had a speech-language impairment.
口吃是一种神经发育障碍，其特征是在言语产生过程中频繁且不由自主地出现言语中断。口吃的成年人常常受到负面评价。本研究考察了在听言语时，即使对说话者一无所知，是否会形成负面的社会和认知印象。进行了两项实验，让不知情的参与者听口吃成年人和非口吃成年人的朗读言语样本并给出评分。在两项实验中，听众都对说话者的认知能力、受欢迎程度、焦虑程度以及一些言语特征进行了评分，这些言语特征包括流畅性、自然度、可懂度、说话者患有言语和语言障碍的可能性（仅实验1）、语速和音量（实验1和实验2）。与非口吃成年人的言语相比，口吃成年人的言语被认为流畅性更低、自然度更低、可懂度更低，语速更慢且音量更大。与非口吃的成年说话者相比，口吃的成年人也被认为认知能力更低、更不受欢迎且更焦虑。发现言语特征与社会和认知印象之间存在关联，与说话者是否口吃无关（即口吃成年人和非口吃成年人都存在这种关联），且不依赖于被告知某些说话者可能患有言语语言障碍这一提示。
