Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
Chem Soc Rev. 2017 Sep 18;46(18):5551-5569. doi: 10.1039/c7cs00461c.
The collective mobility of active matter (self-propelled objects that transduce energy into mechanical work to drive their motion, most commonly through fluids) constitutes a new frontier in science and achievable technology. This review surveys the current status of the research field, what kinds of new scientific problems can be tackled in the short term, and what long-term directions are envisioned. We focus on: (1) attempts to formulate design principles to tailor active particles; (2) attempts to design principles according to which active particles interact under circumstances where particle-particle interactions of traditional colloid science are augmented by a family of nonequilibrium effects discussed here; (3) attempts to design intended patterns of collective behavior and dynamic assembly; (4) speculative links to equilibrium thermodynamics. In each aspect, we assess achievements, limitations, and research opportunities.
主动物质的集体迁移（将能量转化为机械功来驱动其运动的自主运动物体，最常见的是通过流体）构成了科学和可实现技术的一个新前沿。本综述调查了该研究领域的现状，可以在短期内解决哪些新的科学问题，以及设想了哪些长期方向。我们专注于：（1）尝试制定设计原则来定制主动粒子；（2）根据主动粒子在相互作用的情况下的设计原则，在这种情况下，传统胶体科学的粒子-粒子相互作用被这里讨论的一系列非平衡效应所增强；（3）尝试设计集体行为和动态组装的预期模式；（4）推测与平衡热力学的联系。在每个方面，我们评估了成就、限制和研究机会。
