Lopez Rodriguez Alfonso, Van Soom Ann, Arsenakis Ioannis, Maes Dominiek
Department of Reproduction Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
Porcine Health Manag. 2017 Jul 25;3:15. doi: 10.1186/s40813-017-0062-5. eCollection 2017.
Artificial insemination (AI) is the preferred method for reproduction in the majority of the intensive pig production systems Worldwide. To this end, fresh extended ready-to-use semen doses are either purchased from AI-centres or produced by boars kept on-farm. For profitable semen production, it is necessary to obtain a maximum amount of high quality semen from each boar. This paper reviews current knowledge on factors that may affect semen quality by influencing the boar or the semen during processing. Genetic markers could be used for early detection of boars with the highest fertility potential. Genetic selection for fast growth might jeopardize semen quality. Early detection of boars no longer fit for semen production might be possible by ultrasonography of the testes. Seasonal variation in sperm quality could be associated with changes in photoperiod and heat stress during summer. Comfortable housing, with appropiate bedding material to avoid locomotion problems is essential. In some areas, cooling systems may be necessary to avoid heat stress. The sperm quality can be manipulated by feeding strategies aiming, for instance, to increase sperm resistance to oxidative stress and extend storage duration. High collection frequency will negatively influence sperm quality. Also, if collection is not hygienically performed it will result in bacterial contamination of the semen doses. The concern over bacterial contamination has risen not only because of its negative effect on semen quality but also due to the detection of antimicrobial resistance in isolates from extended semen. Moreover, bacterial and viral pathogens must be monitored because they affect semen production and quality and constitute a risk of herd infection. During processing, boar sperm are submitted to many stress factors that can cause oxidative stress and capacitation-like changes potentially reducing their fertility potential. Dilution rate or dilution temperature affects the quality of the semen doses. Some packaging might preserve semen better than others and some plastic components might be toxic for sperm. Standard operation procedures and quality assurance systems in AI centres are needed.
人工授精（AI）是全球大多数集约化养猪生产系统中首选的繁殖方法。为此，新鲜的即用型精液剂量要么从人工授精中心购买，要么由农场饲养的公猪生产。为了实现盈利的精液生产，有必要从每头公猪身上获取最大量的高质量精液。本文综述了当前关于在公猪或精液处理过程中可能影响精液质量的因素的知识。遗传标记可用于早期检测具有最高生育潜力的公猪。快速生长的遗传选择可能会损害精液质量。通过睾丸超声检查可能能够早期发现不再适合精液生产的公猪。精子质量的季节性变化可能与夏季光周期和热应激的变化有关。舒适的猪舍，配备合适的垫料以避免运动问题至关重要。在一些地区，可能需要冷却系统来避免热应激。可以通过喂养策略来控制精子质量，例如旨在提高精子对氧化应激的抵抗力并延长储存时间。高采精频率会对精子质量产生负面影响。此外，如果采精操作不卫生，会导致精液剂量受到细菌污染。对细菌污染的担忧不仅因其对精液质量的负面影响，还因为在稀释精液的分离物中检测到了抗菌药物耐药性。此外，必须监测细菌和病毒病原体，因为它们会影响精液生产和质量，并构成猪群感染的风险。在处理过程中，公猪精子会受到许多应激因素的影响，这些因素会导致氧化应激和类似获能的变化，从而可能降低其生育潜力。稀释率或稀释温度会影响精液剂量的质量。一些包装可能比其他包装更能保存精液，一些塑料成分可能对精子有毒。人工授精中心需要标准操作程序和质量保证体系。
