Samek Lucyna, Stegowski Z, Furman L, Styszko K, Szramowiat K, Fiedor J
Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
Water Air Soil Pollut. 2017;228(8):290. doi: 10.1007/s11270-017-3483-5. Epub 2017 Jul 21.
In industry areas of Poland such as Silesia or urban sites like Krakow and some other cities, the levels of pollutants frequently breach air quality standards. Particulate matter (PM) is the most important constituent of atmospheric pollution. Beginning on 1st February 2014 until 31st January 2015, the samples of fine particulate matter PM (aerodynamic diameter of particles less than or equal to 2.5 μm) were collected at a site in the south-eastern Krakow urban background area. During this period, 194 samples were taken. The samples showed daily variation of PM concentration. From these data, monthly variations were estimated and presented in this paper. Monthly integrated data are more representative for the Krakow urban background and show seasonal variation of PM pollution. The lowest monthly concentration value was found for August 2014-about 10 μg m, the highest for February 2014-70 μg m, whereas the average annual value was about 31 μg/m. Utilizing X-ray fluorescence method, concentrations of 15 elements for each sample were determined and 8 inorganic ions were analyzed by ion chromatography. Additionally, the samples were analyzed for black carbon (BC). Receptor model PMF (positive matrix factorization) was used for source identification and apportionment. The modeling identified six sources and their quantitative contributions to PM total mass. The following sources were identified: combustion, secondary nitrate and sulfate, biomass burning, industry or/and soil and traffic. Finally, monthly variations of each source are presented.
在波兰的一些工业地区，如西里西亚，或像克拉科夫和其他一些城市这样的城市地区，污染物水平经常违反空气质量标准。颗粒物（PM）是大气污染的最重要组成部分。从2014年2月1日至2015年1月31日，在克拉科夫城市东南部背景区域的一个地点采集了细颗粒物PM（空气动力学直径小于或等于2.5μm的颗粒）样本。在此期间，共采集了194个样本。样本显示了PM浓度的日变化。根据这些数据，估算了月变化并在本文中呈现。月度综合数据对克拉科夫城市背景更具代表性，并显示了PM污染的季节变化。2014年8月的月度浓度值最低，约为10μg/m³，2014年2月最高，为70μg/m³，而年均值约为31μg/m³。利用X射线荧光法测定了每个样本中15种元素的浓度，并通过离子色谱法分析了8种无机离子。此外，还对样本进行了黑碳（BC）分析。受体模型PMF（正定矩阵因子分解）用于源识别和分配。该模型确定了六个源及其对PM总质量的定量贡献。识别出的源如下：燃烧、二次硝酸盐和硫酸盐、生物质燃烧、工业或/和土壤以及交通。最后，呈现了每个源的月变化情况。
