Samek Lucyna, Stegowski Zdzislaw, Furman Leszek, Fiedor Joanna
Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
Air Qual Atmos Health. 2017;10(1):47-52. doi: 10.1007/s11869-016-0407-2. Epub 2016 May 10.
The monitored level of pollution remains high in Krakow, Poland. Alerts regarding increased levels of pollution, which advise asthmatics, the elderly, and children to limit their exposure to open air, continue to be issued on numerous days. In this work, seasonal variations in PM2.5 (particulate matter containing particles with aerodynamic diameter no higher than 2.5 μm) concentrations are shown. An increasing trend is reported, which is enhanced during the colder seasons. The mean PM2.5 concentrations in Krakow exceeded the target value of 25 μg/m specified for 2015 in the spring, autumn, and winter seasons. For this reason, particulate matter pollution is of special concern. Elemental concentrations as well as the presence of black carbon (BC) and black smoke (BS) in PM2.5 samples were determined. Seasonal variations of Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, and Pb concentrations were observed whereas V, Cr, Ni, BC, and BS concentrations did not significantly change with the time of year. Seven factors were identified by the positive matrix factorization (PMF) technique, and one was non-identified. They were attributed to the following sources of pollution: steel industry, traffic (diesel exhaust), traffic (gasoline exhaust, brake wear), road dust, construction dust, combustion (biomass, coal), and non-ferrous metallurgical industry. The last, non-identified source, could be attributed to secondary aerosols. It is worth to mention that combustion shows significant seasonal variations with a high impact in winter. The reported results of the completed studies may significantly aid in solving air quality issues in the city by highlighting major sources of air pollution.
波兰克拉科夫监测到的污染水平仍然很高。关于污染水平上升的警报持续发布了许多天，这些警报建议哮喘患者、老年人和儿童减少户外暴露。在这项研究中，展示了PM2.5（空气动力学直径不超过2.5μm的颗粒物）浓度的季节变化。据报道呈现上升趋势，在较寒冷的季节更为明显。克拉科夫春季、秋季和冬季的PM2.5平均浓度超过了2015年设定的25μg/m³的目标值。因此，颗粒物污染备受关注。测定了PM2.5样品中的元素浓度以及黑碳（BC）和黑烟（BS）的含量。观察到Cl、K、Ca、Ti、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、Br、Rb、Sr和Pb浓度的季节变化，而V、Cr、Ni、BC和BS浓度并未随年份时间发生显著变化。通过正定矩阵因子分解（PMF）技术识别出七个因素，还有一个未识别出。它们被归因于以下污染源：钢铁行业、交通（柴油尾气）、交通（汽油尾气、刹车磨损）、道路扬尘、建筑扬尘、燃烧（生物质、煤炭）和有色金属冶金行业。最后一个未识别出的污染源可能归因于二次气溶胶。值得一提的是，燃烧呈现出显著的季节变化，在冬季影响较大。已完成研究的报告结果通过突出主要空气污染来源，可能对解决该市的空气质量问题有显著帮助。
