Schell Center for International Human Rights, Yale Law School, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
Health and Human Rights Division, Human Rights Watch, New York, New York, USA.
J Pain Symptom Manage. 2018 Feb;55(2S):S163-S169. doi: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2017.03.027. Epub 2017 Aug 9.
Human rights standards to address palliative care have developed over the last decade.
This article aims to examine key milestones in the evolution of human rights standards to address palliative care, relevant advocacy efforts, and areas for further growth.
The article provides an analysis of human rights standards in the context of palliative care through the lens of the right to health, freedom from torture and ill treatment, and the rights of older persons and children.
Significant developments include the following: 1) the first human rights treaty to explicitly recognize the right to palliative care, the Inter-American Convention on the Rights of Older Persons; 2) the first World Health Assembly resolution on palliative care; 3) a report by the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture with a focus on denial of pain treatment; 4) addressing the availability of controlled medicines at the UN General Assembly Special Session on the World Drug Problem.
Development of human rights standards in relation to palliative care has been most notable in the context of the right to health, freedom from torture and ill treatment, and the rights of older persons. More work is needed in the context of the rights of children, and human rights treaty bodies are still not consistently addressing state obligations with regards to palliative care.
过去十年间，人们制定了多项与人权相关的缓和医疗标准。
本文旨在审视在缓和医疗领域与人权相关的标准的发展历程中的关键里程碑、相关的倡导工作以及进一步发展的领域。
本文通过健康权、免受酷刑和虐待的权利以及老年人和儿童权利的视角，对缓和医疗背景下的人权标准进行了分析。
重大进展包括以下方面：1）第一项明确承认缓和医疗权利的人权条约，即《美洲老年人权利公约》；2）第一项关于缓和医疗的世界卫生大会决议；3）联合国酷刑问题特别报告员的一份报告，重点是拒绝提供疼痛治疗；4）在联合国大会世界毒品问题特别会议上解决管制药物的供应问题。
在缓和医疗方面，人权标准的制定在健康权、免受酷刑和虐待的权利以及老年人权利方面最为显著。在儿童权利方面还需要做更多的工作，而且人权条约机构仍未就缓和医疗方面的国家义务进行一致处理。
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