Cheluvappa Rajkumar, Scowen Paul, Eri Rajaraman
Department of Medicine, St. George Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
Department of Animal Services, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2017 Aug;5(4). doi: 10.1002/prp2.332.
Animals have been used in research and teaching for a long time. However, clear ethical guidelines and pertinent legislation were instated only in the past few decades, even in developed countries with Judeo-Christian ethical roots. We compactly cover the basics of animal research ethics, ethical reviewing and compliance guidelines for animal experimentation across the developed world, "our" fundamentals of institutional animal research ethics teaching, and emerging alternatives to animal research. This treatise was meticulously constructed for scientists interested/involved in animal research. Herein, we discuss key animal ethics principles - Replacement/Reduction/Refinement. Despite similar undergirding principles across developed countries, ethical reviewing and compliance guidelines for animal experimentation vary. The chronology and evolution of mandatory institutional ethical reviewing of animal experimentation (in its pioneering nations) are summarised. This is followed by a concise rendition of the fundamentals of teaching animal research ethics in institutions. With the advent of newer methodologies in human cell-culturing, novel/emerging methods aim to minimise, if not avoid the usage of animals in experimentation. Relevant to this, we discuss key extant/emerging alternatives to animal use in research; including organs on chips, human-derived three-dimensional tissue models, human blood derivates, microdosing, and computer modelling of various hues.
长期以来，动物一直被用于研究和教学。然而，即使在有着犹太 - 基督教伦理根源的发达国家，明确的伦理准则和相关立法也只是在过去几十年才开始实施。我们简要介绍了动物研究伦理的基础、发达国家动物实验的伦理审查和合规指南、机构动物研究伦理教学的“我们的”基本原则，以及动物研究的新兴替代方法。本论文是为对动物研究感兴趣/参与其中的科学家精心撰写的。在此，我们讨论关键的动物伦理原则——替代/减少/优化。尽管发达国家有着相似的基础原则，但动物实验的伦理审查和合规指南各不相同。总结了动物实验强制机构伦理审查（在其先驱国家）的时间顺序和演变。接下来简要介绍了机构中动物研究伦理教学的基础。随着人类细胞培养新方法的出现，新颖/新兴方法旨在尽量减少（如果不是避免）动物在实验中的使用。与此相关，我们讨论了研究中动物使用的关键现有/新兴替代方法；包括芯片上的器官、人类来源的三维组织模型、人类血液衍生物、微剂量给药以及各种类型的计算机建模。
