State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. 2017 Oct;55:20-29. doi: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.08.001. Epub 2017 Aug 7.
Earthworms are the key soil organisms, contribute to many positive ecological services that could be degraded by pesticides and other soil pollutants such as heavy metals. Chemicals usually occur as mixtures in the environmental systems which can lead synergistic effects. The assessment and characterization of soil pollutants that effects risks are very difficult due to the complexity of soil matrix, poor understanding about the fate and effects of chemical combinations like pesticide and metal mixtures in terrestrial systems, and scarcity of toxicological data on mixtures of pollutants. In this review we summarized the current studies on individual and joint effects of pesticides and metals on earthworms and indicate the mixture that cause the synergistic interactions. The review explores the methods and models used previously to evaluate the toxicity of chemical mixtures, and suggests the perspective approaches for a better knowledge of combine effects as well as research methods The summarized report indicates that pesticide and metal mixtures at all organization levels affect the earthworms negatively. Whereas, the combined pollution generated by mixtures of pesticides and metal ions could induce the DNA damage, disruption in enzyme activities, reduction in individual survival, production and growth rate, change in individual behavior such as feeding rate, and decrease in the total earthworm community biomass and density. Among the pesticides organophosphates were identified the most toxic pesticides causing the synergistic effects. The findings indicate the scarcity of toxicological data concerning the assessment of pesticide and metal mixtures at genome level; while the mechanisms causing synergism were still not sufficiently explored.
蚯蚓是土壤中的关键生物，有助于许多积极的生态服务，但这些生态服务可能会被农药和其他土壤污染物（如重金属）破坏。化学物质通常在环境系统中以混合物的形式存在，这可能会产生协同作用。由于土壤基质的复杂性、对农药和金属混合物在陆地系统中的归宿和影响的了解不足，以及对污染物混合物的毒理学数据稀缺，因此评估和描述影响风险的土壤污染物非常困难。在这篇综述中，我们总结了关于农药和金属对蚯蚓的单独和联合作用的现有研究，并指出了引起协同作用的混合物。本综述探讨了以前用于评估化学混合物毒性的方法和模型，并为更好地了解组合效应以及研究方法提出了前瞻性方法。总结报告表明，农药和金属混合物在所有组织水平上都对蚯蚓产生负面影响。然而，由农药和金属离子混合物引起的复合污染可能会导致 DNA 损伤、酶活性紊乱、个体存活率降低、个体生长和繁殖率降低、个体行为（如摄食率）改变，以及整个蚯蚓群落生物量和密度降低。在有机磷农药中，发现了最具毒性的农药，它们会产生协同作用。这些发现表明，在评估基因组水平上的农药和金属混合物时，毒理学数据稀缺；而导致协同作用的机制仍未得到充分探索。
