Center for Health Outcomes and Population Equity, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84103, USA.
Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington, 9725 Third Ave NE, Suite #401, Seattle, WA, 98115, USA.
J Youth Adolesc. 2018 Feb;47(2):369-382. doi: 10.1007/s10964-017-0728-y. Epub 2017 Aug 18.
There is broad agreement that neighborhood contexts are important for adolescent development, but there is less consensus about their association with adolescent smoking and alcohol use. Few studies have examined associations between neighborhood socioeconomic contexts and smoking and alcohol use while also accounting for differences in family and peer risk factors for substance use. Data drawn from the Seattle Social Development Project (N = 808), a gender-balanced (female = 49%), multiethnic, theory-driven longitudinal study originating in Seattle, WA, were used to estimate trajectories of smoking and alcohol use from 5th to 9th grade. Time-varying measures of neighborhood socioeconomic, family, and peer factors were associated with smoking and alcohol use at each wave after accounting for average growth in smoking and alcohol use over time and demographic differences. Results indicated that living in more socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods, lower family income, lower family general functioning, more permissive family smoking environments, and affiliation with deviant peers were independently associated with increased smoking. Lower family functioning, more permissive family alcohol use environments, and deviant peers were independently associated with increased alcohol use. The effect of neighborhood disadvantage on smoking was mediated by family income and deviant peers while the effect of neighborhood disadvantage on alcohol use was mediated by deviant peers alone. Family functioning and family substance use did not mediate associations between neighborhood disadvantage and smoking or alcohol use. The results highlight the importance of neighborhood, family, and peer factors in early adolescent smoking and alcohol use. Future studies should examine the unique association of neighborhood disadvantage with adolescent smoking net of family socioeconomics, functioning, and substance use, as well as peer affiliations. Better understanding of the role of contextual factors in early adolescent smoking and alcohol use can help bolster efforts to prevent both short and long harms from substance use.
人们普遍认为邻里环境对青少年的发展很重要，但对于邻里环境与青少年吸烟和饮酒的关系，人们的看法并不一致。很少有研究在考虑家庭和同伴对物质使用的风险因素差异的情况下，检验邻里社会经济环境与吸烟和饮酒之间的关联。本研究的数据来自西雅图社会发展项目（N=808），这是一个在华盛顿州西雅图发起的、性别平衡（女性=49%）、多民族、基于理论的纵向研究。该研究使用了从 5 年级到 9 年级的吸烟和饮酒轨迹数据。在考虑到吸烟和饮酒随时间的平均增长以及人口统计学差异后，对邻里社会经济、家庭和同伴因素的时变测量与每个波次的吸烟和饮酒行为相关。结果表明，生活在社会经济地位较低的邻里环境中、家庭收入较低、家庭功能较差、家庭吸烟环境较宽松、与不良同伴交往，这些因素与吸烟行为增加独立相关。家庭功能较差、家庭饮酒环境较宽松、不良同伴交往与饮酒行为增加独立相关。邻里劣势对吸烟的影响是通过家庭收入和不良同伴来介导的，而邻里劣势对饮酒的影响则是通过不良同伴单独来介导的。家庭功能和家庭物质使用并不能调节邻里劣势与吸烟或饮酒之间的关联。这些结果强调了邻里、家庭和同伴因素在青少年早期吸烟和饮酒中的重要性。未来的研究应该检验邻里劣势与青少年吸烟之间的独特关联，要排除家庭社会经济地位、功能和物质使用以及同伴关系的影响。更好地了解背景因素在青少年早期吸烟和饮酒中的作用，有助于加强预防物质使用带来的短期和长期危害的努力。
