Centre for Marine Socioecology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
Glob Chang Biol. 2018 Feb;24(2):580-596. doi: 10.1111/gcb.13873. Epub 2017 Sep 21.
With the human population expected to near 10 billion by 2050, and diets shifting towards greater per-capita consumption of animal protein, meeting future food demands will place ever-growing burdens on natural resources and those dependent on them. Solutions proposed to increase the sustainability of agriculture, aquaculture, and capture fisheries have typically approached development from single sector perspectives. Recent work highlights the importance of recognising links among food sectors, and the challenge cross-sector dependencies create for sustainable food production. Yet without understanding the full suite of interactions between food systems on land and sea, development in one sector may result in unanticipated trade-offs in another. We review the interactions between terrestrial and aquatic food systems. We show that most of the studied land-sea interactions fall into at least one of four categories: ecosystem connectivity, feed interdependencies, livelihood interactions, and climate feedback. Critically, these interactions modify nutrient flows, and the partitioning of natural resource use between land and sea, amid a backdrop of climate variability and change that reaches across all sectors. Addressing counter-productive trade-offs resulting from land-sea links will require simultaneous improvements in food production and consumption efficiency, while creating more sustainable feed products for fish and livestock. Food security research and policy also needs to better integrate aquatic and terrestrial production to anticipate how cross-sector interactions could transmit change across ecosystem and governance boundaries into the future.
随着人口预计在 2050 年达到近 100 亿，人们的饮食结构也逐渐转向人均动物蛋白摄入量的增加，因此，满足未来的粮食需求将给自然资源和依赖这些资源的人带来越来越大的负担。为了提高农业、水产养殖和捕捞渔业的可持续性而提出的解决方案通常是从单一部门的角度来考虑的。最近的研究工作强调了认识到各个食品部门之间的联系的重要性，以及跨部门依存关系对可持续粮食生产所带来的挑战。然而，如果不了解陆海食品系统之间的全部相互作用，一个部门的发展可能会在另一个部门产生意想不到的权衡。我们回顾了陆地和水生食物系统之间的相互作用。我们表明，大多数研究的陆海相互作用至少属于以下四个类别之一：生态系统连通性、饲料相互依存关系、生计相互作用和气候反馈。至关重要的是，这些相互作用会改变营养物质的流动，以及陆地和海洋之间自然资源利用的分配，而所有这些都受到跨越所有部门的气候变异性和变化的影响。解决陆海联系造成的适得其反的权衡需要同时提高粮食生产和消费效率，同时为鱼类和牲畜生产更可持续的饲料产品。粮食安全研究和政策也需要更好地整合陆地和海洋生产，以预测跨部门相互作用如何将变化从生态系统和治理边界传递到未来。
