Morrell J M, Mayer I
Division of Reproduction,Clinical Sciences,Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU),Box 7054,SE- 75007 Uppsala,Sweden.
Norwegian University of Life Sciences,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences,P.O. Box 8146 Dep,N-0033 Oslo,Norway.
Zygote. 2017 Oct;25(5):545-557. doi: 10.1017/S0967199417000442. Epub 2017 Aug 24.
Many biotechnologies are currently used in livestock breeding with the aim of improving reproductive efficiency and increasing the rate of genetic progress in production animals. Semen cryopreservation is the most widely used cryobiotechnology, although vitrification techniques now allow embryos and oocytes to be banked in ever-increasing numbers. Cryopreservation of other types of germplasm (reproductive tissue in general) is also possible, although the techniques are still in the early stages of development for use in livestock species. Although still in their infancy, these techniques are increasingly being used in aquaculture. Germplasm conservation enables reproductive tissues from both animals and fish to be preserved to generate offspring in the future without having to maintain large numbers of living populations of these species. However, such measures need careful planning and coordination. This review explains why the preservation of genetic diversity is needed for livestock and fish, and describes some of the issues involved in germplasm banking. Furthermore, some recent developments in semen handling leading to improved semen cryopreservation and biosecurity measures are also discussed.
目前，许多生物技术应用于家畜育种，旨在提高繁殖效率并加快生产动物的遗传进展速度。精液冷冻保存是应用最广泛的低温生物技术，尽管玻璃化技术现在使得越来越多的胚胎和卵母细胞得以储存。其他类型种质（一般指生殖组织）的冷冻保存也是可行的，不过这些技术在用于家畜物种方面仍处于发展初期。尽管这些技术仍处于起步阶段，但在水产养殖中的应用越来越多。种质保存能够保存动物和鱼类的生殖组织，以便未来繁育后代，而无需维持这些物种的大量活体种群。然而，此类措施需要精心规划与协调。本综述解释了为何家畜和鱼类需要保存遗传多样性，并描述了种质储存中涉及的一些问题。此外，还讨论了精液处理方面一些导致精液冷冻保存及生物安全措施改进的最新进展。
