Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
Archaeology Research Center of Science and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
Sci Rep. 2017 Aug 24;7(1):8446. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08933-8.
This article presents the results of an investigation on the coffin of Emperor Qianlong excavated from the Eastern Imperial Tombs of the Qing Dynasty in Zunhua, China. The composition, structure and lacquering techniques used in the manufacturing process were analyzed in this project. Stereoscopic Microscopy, SEM-EDS, XRD, FTIR, Raman, Double-shot Py-GC/MS were used as scientific analytical methods. The results show that the structure of the coffin body consists of a wooden body layer, a lacquer ash layer and a lacquer film pigment layer. The lacquer ash layer consists of nine stucco layers and ten fiber layers on top of each other in an alternating order. The lacquer film pigment layer consists of mineral pigments, lacquer sap, animal gelatin, drying oil, quartz sand and proteinaceous materials. Pigments used in the lacquer film include calcite white, carbon black, cinnabar red and gold. The presence of three distinctive catechols along with the other catechols' and phenols' profiles in the lacquer film matrix clearly indicate the species of the lacquer tree was Rhus. Vernicifera. Several distinctive lacquering techniques that improved the coffin body's stability and mechanical strength were identified in the investigation, including the "wan lacquering", "painting lacquer above the gold" and "Jin Jiao".
本文呈现了对中国遵化清东陵乾隆皇帝棺椁的挖掘调查结果。本项目分析了棺椁的制作过程中的成分、结构和涂漆技术。采用体视显微镜、SEM-EDS、XRD、FTIR、Raman、双喷射 Py-GC/MS 等科学分析方法。结果表明，棺体结构由木质体层、漆灰层和漆膜颜料层组成。漆灰层由九层灰泥层和相互交错的十层纤维层组成。漆膜颜料层由矿物颜料、漆液、动物胶、干性油、石英砂和蛋白质物质组成。漆膜中使用的颜料包括方解石白、炭黑、朱砂红和金。漆膜基质中存在三种独特的儿茶素以及其他儿茶素和酚类的特征图谱，这清楚地表明漆树的种类是漆树。通过调查发现了几种独特的涂漆技术，这些技术提高了棺体的稳定性和机械强度，包括“万漆”、“金胶”和“描金”。
