Kabisch Nadja, van den Bosch Matilda, Lafortezza Raffaele
Department of Geography, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Linden 6, 10099 Berlin, Germany; Department of Urban and Environmental Sociology, Helmholtz Centre of Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.
School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, Canada; Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia (UBC), Vancouver, Canada.
Environ Res. 2017 Nov;159:362-373. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.004. Epub 2017 Sep 18.
Urban green and blue spaces promote health by offering areas for physical activity, stress relief, and social interaction, which may be considered as cultural ecosystem services. They also provide a number of regulating ecosystem services that can be regarded as nature-based solutions to mitigate impacts from urbanization-induced challenges. Urban trees and other vegetation provide cooling through shade and evapotranspiration, which reduce the impact of the urban heat island on hot summer days. Urban vegetation may improve air quality by removing air pollutants. Open areas in cities, such as parks, gardens, playgrounds and cemeteries, are unsealed spaces that also improve infiltration during extreme precipitation events providing water regulating functions. All these services have the potential to improve the health of urban residents, particularly of specific vulnerable groups such as children and the elderly. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the current state of evidence on the relationship between the health of children and the elderly and urban green and blue spaces that can account as nature-based solutions to urbanization-induced challenges. We discuss potential confounding factors and refer to the different green space metrics used to identify associations to health. From the results, we cannot conclude on a universal protective health effect of urban green and blue spaces for children and the elderly. While the association trend is positive, the results remain inconclusive, context dependent and are partly overridden by socioeconomic confounders. However, the research area is consistently increasing, and we advance important prospects for future research on urban green and blue spaces in the face of global challenges such as urbanization.
城市绿地和蓝空间通过提供体育活动、缓解压力和社交互动的区域来促进健康，这些区域可被视为文化生态系统服务。它们还提供了一些调节生态系统服务，可被视为基于自然的解决方案，以减轻城市化带来的挑战的影响。城市树木和其他植被通过遮荫和蒸发散来降温，这在炎热的夏日减少了城市热岛效应的影响。城市植被可以通过去除空气污染物来改善空气质量。城市中的开放区域，如公园、花园、操场和墓地，是未密封的空间，在极端降水事件期间也能改善入渗，提供水调节功能。所有这些服务都有潜力改善城市居民的健康，特别是儿童和老年人等特定弱势群体的健康。本文的目的是概述目前关于儿童和老年人健康与城市绿地和蓝空间之间关系的证据状况，这些绿地和蓝空间可被视为应对城市化带来的挑战的基于自然的解决方案。我们讨论了潜在的混杂因素，并提及了用于确定与健康关联的不同绿地指标。从结果来看，我们不能得出城市绿地和蓝空间对儿童和老年人具有普遍的健康保护作用的结论。虽然关联趋势是积极的，但结果仍然不确定，取决于具体情况，并且部分被社会经济混杂因素所掩盖。然而，该研究领域在不断扩大，面对城市化等全球挑战，我们为未来城市绿地和蓝空间的研究提出了重要的前景。
