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Patients with non-fluent aphasias display impairments of expressive and receptive grammar. This has been attributed to deficits in processing configurational and hierarchical sequencing relationships. This hypothesis had not been formally tested. It was also controversial whether impairments are specific to language, or reflect domain general deficits in processing structured auditory sequences. Here we used an artificial grammar learning paradigm to compare the abilities of controls to participants with agrammatic aphasia of two different aetiologies: stroke and frontotemporal dementia. Ten patients with non-fluent variant primary progressive aphasia (nfvPPA), 12 with non-fluent aphasia due to stroke, and 11 controls implicitly learned a novel mixed-complexity artificial grammar designed to assess processing of increasingly complex sequencing relationships. We compared response profiles for otherwise identical sequences of speech tokens (nonsense words) and tone sweeps. In all three groups the ability to detect grammatical violations varied with sequence complexity, with performance improving over time and being better for adjacent than non-adjacent relationships. Patients performed less well than controls overall, and this was related more strongly to aphasia severity than to aetiology. All groups improved with practice and performed well at a control task of detecting oddball nonwords. Crucially, group differences did not interact with sequence complexity, demonstrating that aphasic patients were not disproportionately impaired on complex structures. Hierarchical cluster analysis revealed that response patterns were very similar across all three groups, but very different between the nonsense word and tone tasks, despite identical artificial grammar structures. Overall, we demonstrate that agrammatic aphasics of two different aetiologies are not disproportionately impaired on complex sequencing relationships, and that the learning of phonological and non-linguistic sequences occurs independently. The similarity of profiles of discriminatory abilities and rule learning across groups suggests that insights from previous studies of implicit sequence learning in vascular aphasia are likely to prove applicable in nfvPPA.

非流利型失语症患者表现出表达和接受语法的障碍。这归因于对组态和层次序列关系的处理缺陷。这一假设尚未经过正式测试。语法障碍是否特定于语言，还是反映了处理结构化听觉序列的一般领域缺陷，这也是有争议的。在这里，我们使用人工语法学习范式比较了两种不同病因（中风和额颞叶痴呆）的语法障碍患者和对照组的能力：10 名非流利型原发性进行性失语症（nfvPPA）患者、12 名因中风导致非流利型失语症患者和 11 名对照组。我们隐式地学习了一种新的混合复杂度人工语法，旨在评估处理日益复杂的序列关系的能力。我们比较了语音令牌（无意义词）和音调扫描的相同序列的响应特征。在所有三组中，检测语法违规的能力随序列复杂度而变化，随着时间的推移性能提高，并且相邻关系比非相邻关系更好。患者的整体表现不如对照组，这与失语症的严重程度比病因更相关。所有组都随着练习而提高，并且在检测异常非词的控制任务中表现良好。至关重要的是，组间差异与序列复杂度无关，这表明语法障碍患者在复杂结构上没有不成比例的损伤。层次聚类分析表明，尽管人工语法结构相同，但所有三组的响应模式非常相似，但在无意义词和音调任务之间却非常不同。总的来说，我们证明了两种不同病因的语法障碍患者在复杂的序列关系上没有不成比例的损伤，并且语音和非语言序列的学习是独立发生的。在所有三组中，辨别能力和规则学习的轮廓非常相似，但在无意义词和音调任务之间却非常不同。总的来说，我们证明了两种不同病因的语法障碍患者在复杂的序列关系上没有不成比例的损伤，并且语音和非语言序列的学习是独立发生的。在所有三组中，辨别能力和规则学习的轮廓非常相似，但在无意义词和音调任务之间却非常不同。总的来说，我们证明了两种不同病因的语法障碍患者在复杂的序列关系上没有不成比例的损伤，并且语音和非语言序列的学习是独立发生的。在所有三组中，辨别能力和规则学习的轮廓非常相似，但在无意义词和音调任务之间却非常不同。

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