Brain Development Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403; email:
Department of Psychology, Willamette University, Salem, Oregon 97301; email:
Annu Rev Psychol. 2018 Jan 4;69:131-156. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044115. Epub 2017 Aug 28.
The relationship between early adversity and outcomes across the lifespan is apparent in a striking range of measures. Evidence suggests that many of these outcomes can be traced to the impacts of early adversity on multiple and integrated biological systems mediated by the brain. In this review, we integrate empirical and theoretical advances in the understanding of relationships among the brain and the functions of the endocrine, autonomic, and immune systems. We emphasize the effects of environmental experiences related to caregiver relationships because it is these experiences, in particular, that shape regulatory and threat response systems in ways that increase vulnerability and may underlie the wide range of poor outcomes associated with early adversity. Thus, we metaphorically extend the concept of plasticity to highlight our goal of a broader consideration of these interconnected mechanisms. We conclude by discussing implications for neurobiologically informed interventions that can potentially ameliorate the broad and costly effects of early adversity.
早期逆境与终生结果之间的关系在一系列显著的测量指标中显而易见。有证据表明，这些结果中的许多都可以追溯到早期逆境对大脑介导的多种综合生物系统的影响。在这篇综述中，我们综合了对大脑与内分泌、自主和免疫系统功能之间关系的理解的实证和理论进展。我们强调了与照顾者关系有关的环境经历的影响，因为正是这些经历以增加脆弱性的方式塑造了调节和威胁反应系统，并且可能是与早期逆境相关的广泛不良结果的基础。因此，我们将可塑性的概念延伸，以突出我们对这些相互关联的机制进行更广泛考虑的目标。最后，我们讨论了神经生物学干预的意义，这些干预可能潜在地改善早期逆境的广泛而昂贵的影响。
