Nhung Nguyen Thi, Chansiripornchai Niwat, Carrique-Mas Juan J
Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Avian Health Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
Front Vet Sci. 2017 Aug 10;4:126. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00126. eCollection 2017.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health threat, and antimicrobial usage and AMR in animal production is one of its contributing sources. Poultry is one of the most widespread types of meat consumed worldwide. Poultry flocks are often raised under intensive conditions using large amounts of antimicrobials to prevent and to treat disease, as well as for growth promotion. Antimicrobial resistant poultry pathogens may result in treatment failure, leading to economic losses, but also be a source of resistant bacteria/genes (including zoonotic bacteria) that may represent a risk to human health. Here we reviewed data on AMR in 12 poultry pathogens, including avian pathogenic (APEC), Pullorum/Gallinarum, (ORT), spp., , and . A number of studies have demonstrated increases in resistance over time for . Pullorum/Gallinarum, , and . Among Enterobacteriaceae, APEC isolates displayed considerably higher levels of AMR compared with . Pullorum/Gallinarum, with prevalence of resistance over >80% for ampicillin, amoxicillin, tetracycline across studies. Among the Gram-negative, non-Enterobacteriaceae pathogens, ORT had the highest levels of phenotypic resistance with median levels of AMR against co-trimoxazole, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, amoxicillin, and ceftiofur all exceeding 50%. In contrast, levels of resistance among isolates were less than 20% for all antimicrobials. The study highlights considerable disparities in methodologies, as well as in criteria for phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing and result interpretation. It is necessary to increase efforts to harmonize testing practices, and to promote free access to data on AMR in order to improve treatment guidelines as well as to monitor the evolution of AMR in poultry bacterial pathogens.
抗菌药物耐药性（AMR）是一种全球健康威胁，动物生产中的抗菌药物使用及AMR是其促成因素之一。家禽是全球消费最为广泛的肉类类型之一。家禽群通常在集约化条件下饲养，使用大量抗菌药物来预防和治疗疾病以及促进生长。具有抗菌药物耐药性的家禽病原体可能导致治疗失败，造成经济损失，而且还是耐药细菌/基因（包括人畜共患病细菌）的来源，这可能对人类健康构成风险。在此，我们综述了12种家禽病原体的AMR数据，包括禽致病性大肠杆菌（APEC）、鸡白痢/鸡伤寒沙门氏菌、禽致病性雷氏普罗威登斯菌（ORT）、多杀性巴氏杆菌、产气荚膜梭菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。多项研究表明，随着时间推移，鸡白痢/鸡伤寒沙门氏菌、产气荚膜梭菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药性有所增加。在肠杆菌科细菌中，与鸡白痢/鸡伤寒沙门氏菌相比，APEC分离株显示出相当高的AMR水平，在各项研究中，氨苄西林、阿莫西林、四环素的耐药率均超过80%。在革兰氏阴性、非肠杆菌科病原体中，ORT的表型耐药水平最高，对复方新诺明、恩诺沙星、庆大霉素、阿莫西林和头孢噻呋的AMR中位水平均超过50%。相比之下，所有抗菌药物对多杀性巴氏杆菌分离株的耐药水平均低于20%。该研究突出了方法以及表型抗菌药物敏感性测试和结果解读标准方面存在的巨大差异。有必要加大力度统一测试方法，并促进免费获取AMR数据，以改进治疗指南并监测家禽细菌病原体中AMR的演变。
