Prevention of Exacerbations in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Knowns and Unknowns.

The 2011 recommendations of the Global initiative for chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) constituted a major paradigm shift in COPD management since they set 2 major goals for the assessment and management of patients: the reduction of their current level of symptoms (i.e., treat the patient ); and the reduction of their risk of exacerbations (i.e., prevent them ). Exacerbations are not only an important clinical endpoint in patients with COPD, but they are also a risk factor themselves for additional adverse outcomes since they have been shown to increase the risk for mortality, to accelerate the decline in pulmonary function, and to decrease health status and quality of life. Despite their importance, many unanswered questions related to exacerbations remain. The purpose of this review is to discuss: and in our current understanding of exacerbations, what known factors increase their risk, and how to best prevent them.